Evaporation of grass under non-restricted soil moisture conditions
نویسندگان
چکیده
The behaviour of various formulas for évapotranspiration of grass in nonrestricted soil water conditions is considered. These are the expressions based on the Penman formula, i.e. "old" Penman, Penman-Monteith, Thorn-Oliver and the version recommended more recently by the FAO. Moreover, the Priestley-Taylor and the Makkink formulas are considered, which are radiation-based. Comparisons are made between daily mean values estimated with these formulas and direct measurements. The latter were collected over grass in the period 1979-1982 in the catchment area of the Hupselse Beek (The Netherlands). It was found that if all required input data were measured, the Priestley-Taylor and the "old" Penman formula yielded the best results. The assumption that soil heat flux can be neglected introduces a systematic and a random error of roughly 5%. The empirical estimates for net radiation from sunshine duration, temperature and humidity appear to perform rather poorly. These estimates improved significantly if solar radiation was measured directly. The empirical expression proposed by Slob (unpublished) that requires incoming solar radiation only as input, provided better results than the other more complicated expressions. Moreover, this study reveals that evaporation of unstressed grass is primarily determined by the available energy, i.e. good evaporation estimates can be obtained by using simply XE = 0.86(i?„ G). The Makkink method appears to be attractive for practical applications. These findings support the use of Makkink's formula for routine calculations of crop-reference évapotranspiration as has been done by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute since 1987. Evaporation d'une pelouse dont le sol est bien alimenté en eau Résumé Dans cette étude, nous avons étudié le comportement de plusieurs formules estimant l'évapotranspiration d'une pelouse dans des conditions où le sol est bien alimenté en eau. Ces formules sont toutes basées sur la formule de Penman. Il s'agit de la formule de Penman classique, de la formule de Penman-Monteith, de la formule de Thom-Olivier et de la version récemment recommandée la FAO. Nous avons également considéré les formules de Priestley-Taylor et de Makkink qui sont basées sur la radiation. Nous avons comparé les valeurs des moyennes journalières estimées par ces formules à des mesures directes. Ces dernières sont été réalisées au cours de la période 1979-1982 sur des pelouses du bassin versant de Hupselse Beek (Pays-Bas). Nous avons constaté que, si toutes les données d'entrées nécessaires sont mesurées, la formule de Priestley-Taylor et la formule de Penman classique donnent les meilleurs résultats. L'hypothèse selon laquelle le flux de chaleur du sol pourrait être négligé introduit une erreur systématique et aléatoire de l'ordre de 5%. Les estimations empiriques de la radiation nette basées sur la durée d'ensoleillement, la température et l'humidité paraissent donner de mauvais résultats. Ces estimations sont significativement améliorées si la radiation solaire est mesurée directement. L'expression empirique proposée par Slob (non publiée) qui exige seulement la radiation solaire en entrée, fournit des résultats meilleurs que ceux d'autres expressions plus complexes. Cette étude révèle en outre que l'évaporation des pelouses hors conditions de stress hydrique dépend principalement de l'énergie disponible, c'est-à-dire que des bonnes Open for discussion until I December 2000 392 H. A. R. de Bruin & J. N. M. Strieker estimations de l'évaporation sont obtenues par la seule utilisation de l'expression XE = O.S6(R„ G). La méthode de Makkink paraît être la plus attractive en vue des applications pratiques. Les résultats de nos recherches encouragent l'utilisation de la formule de Makkink pour les calculs de routine de l'évapotranspiration des cultures de référence entrepris depuis 1987 par l'Institut Météorologique Royal Néerlandais.
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