Hot dust in normal star-forming galaxies: JHKL′ photometry of the ISO Key Project sample

Abstract. We present JHK and 3.8μm (L′) photometry of 26 galaxies in the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) Normal Galaxy Key Project (KP) sample and of seven normal ellipticals with the aim of investigating the origin of the 4μm emission. The majority of the KP galaxies, and all the ellipticals, have K −L < ∼ 1.0, consistent with stellar photospheres plus moderate dust extinction. Ten of the 26 KP galaxies have K − L > ∼ 1.0, corresponding to a flat or rising 4μm continuum, consistent with significant emission from hot dust at 600–1000 K. K − L is anticorrelated with ISO flux ratio F6.75/F15, weakly correlated with line ratio [O i]/[C ii], but not with [C ii]/FIR or IRAS ratio F60/F100. Photodissociation-region models for these galaxies show that the hot dust responsible for red K − L resides in regions of high pressure and intense far-ultraviolet radiation field. Taken together, these results suggest that star formation in normal star-forming galaxies can assume two basic forms: an “active”, relatively rare, mode characterized by hot dust, suppressed Aromatic Features in Emission (AFEs), high pressure, and intense radiation field; and the more common “passive” mode that occurs under more quiescent physical conditions, with AFEs, and without hot dust. The occurrence of these modes appears to only weakly depend on the star-formation rate per unit area. Passive star formation over large scales makes up the bulk of star-forming activity locally, while the “active” regime may dominate at high redshifts.