Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics
نویسنده
چکیده
By designating a system as “near equilibrium”, we mean that the system is perturbed from its equilibrium state by some time-dependent external force f(t). The external force is deterministic, not random; typical examples include mechanical forces and forces due to an applied electric or magnetic field. This force drives the expectation values of some of the system’s observables away from their equilibrium values. For example, a typical observable A affected by the external force might be the system’s velocity or its magnetic moment. If the response of the observable A to the external force f(t) satisfies the linearity property
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