Defining and measuring reduction in unifacial stone tools

Observations pertaining to particular stages of the lithic chaı̂ne opératoire, or reconstructions of the entire operational sequence at a particular site, can be used to develop a detailed understanding of past human cognitive capabilities, technological sophistication, mobility, and land use. The ‘‘reduction sequence’’ is a specific stage of the chaı̂ne opératoire that many archaeologists have attempted to measure. Many of these attempts fail to recognize that ‘‘reduction’’ is a three-dimensional process, and thus should be measured with an appropriate three-dimensional unit: volume. This paper presents a new methodology for measuring and defining reduction in unifacial stone tools that reconstructs the original volume of a modified blank, allowing a realistic percentage of volume loss to be calculated. This new method is fast, precise, and very accurate. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.