Spangle Lakes: an Investigation of Late Archaic Human Land- Use within the Sawtooth Mountains

........................................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 Study Area ...............................................................................................................3 Physiography and Environment ...................................................................3 Previous Archaeological Work In Idaho And Western United States .....................5 Idaho and the Sawtooth Mountains..............................................................5 Spangle Lake Survey, 1999 .........................................................................8 Western United States ..................................................................................9 Ethnographic Usage Of High Mountain Environments .........................................12 Sawtooth Mountains ..................................................................................13 Western United States ................................................................................14 Use Of Binford Database On Environment And Hunter-Gatherer Projections .....17 The Effect of High Mountain Environments on Human Use ....................17 Frames of Reference on Climate................................................................19 Frames of Reference for Plant and Ungulate Biomass ..............................23 Binford’s Hunter-Gatherer Database Projections ......................................25