Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures: A Treatment

showed there were 96 articles published on the topic during the 1980s, 243 articles published during the 1990s, and 426 articles published during the 2000s. This growing interest in the topic has propelled a renewed enthusiasm in Table 1 Limitations in the conduction of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) clinical trials9,14,40–42 Limitations Obstacles intrinsic to PNES psychopathology • Emotional lability • Approach-avoidance behavioral patterns • Tendency to present in crisis and reject support • Lack of motivation (due to depression, reinforcing factors) Logistical impairments preventing participation in treatment and/or enrollment in research • Driving restrictions • Cognitive limitations (due to intellectual disability, cognitive impairment due to neurological illness, cogniform symptoms) • Physical limitations (due to pain, physical disabilities from neurological, medical, or conversion symptoms) • Severity of psychopathology that may limit enrollment in studies (suicidality, psychosis, severe depression) Relative lack of disease “ownership” by medical specialty Lack of understanding of a single etiological mechanism Unclear utility of various outcome measures submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com