NOTE / NOTE Experience levels of individuals in natural bee populations and their ecological implications

نویسندگان

  • Reuven Dukas
  • Douglass H. Morse
  • Sean Myles
چکیده

Learning difficult tasks requires an extended period of experience. It is unclear, however, what level of experience is exhibited by individuals in natural populations. If many individuals are rather inexperienced at any given time, they may not possess subtle information concerning, for example, local distributions of reward and danger, which may require long acquisition periods. To quantify individual experience in field settings, we conducted a field study involving extensive marking of individual honey bees (Apis mellifera L., 1758) and bumble bees (Bombus vagans Smith, 1854 and Bombus terricola Kirby, 1837) visiting milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) patches that harbored crab spiders (Misumena vatia (Clerck, 1757)), which prey on bees. The vast majority of bees either were fully inexperienced or had little experience with the specific flower patch that they were visiting. It is likely that such inexperienced bees do not possess subtle local information involving either reward or danger. Contrary to our prediction, even the most experienced bees did not avoid experimental patches harboring crab spiders, perhaps because even these bees did not possess sufficient experience. Our results indicate that conclusions from controlled laboratory experiments may not readily generalize to natural field settings. Thus, we must gather additional data on the long-term behavior of individually marked bees in natural conditions to better understand the interactions among flowers, bees, and bees’ predators. Résumé : L’apprentissage des tâches difficiles requiert une longue période d’expérience. Il n’est pas clair, cependant, quel niveau d’expérience possèdent les individus dans les populations naturelles. Si plusieurs individus sont relativement inexpérimentés à un moment donné, ils peuvent ne pas posséder l’information détaillée concernant, par exemple, la répartition locale des bénéfices et des dangers, ce qui peut demander de longues périodes d’acquisition. Afin d’évaluer l’expérience individuelle dans des conditions de terrain, nous avons marqué un à un en nature un grand nombre d’abeilles domestiques (Apis mellifera L., 1758) et de bourdons (Bombus vagans Smith, 1854 et Bombus terricola Kirby, 1837) butinant des bouquets d’asclépiades (Asclepias syriaca L.) qui portaient des araignées crabes (Misumena vatia (Clerck, 1757)), des prédateurs des abeilles. La grande majorité des abeilles avaient peu ou pas d’expérience du bouquet particulier de fleurs qu’elles visitaient. Il est peu probable que de telles abeilles inexpérimentées possèdent la connaissance locale détaillée des bénéfices et des dangers. Contrairement à notre prédiction, même les abeilles les plus expérimentées n’évitent pas les bouquets expérimentaux contenant des araignées crabes et peut-être même ces abeilles n’ont pas suffisamment d’expérience. Nos résultats indiquent que les conclusions obtenues dans des expériences de laboratoire contrôlées ne peuvent pas être élargies facilement aux conditions naturelles de terrain. Il nous faut donc accumuler plus de données sur le comportement à long terme en conditions naturelles d’abeilles marquées individuellement pour mieux comprendre les interactions entre les fleurs, les abeilles, et les prédateurs des abeilles. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Dukas et al. 497

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

منابع مشابه

The Prosthetic Rehabilitation of Phthisis Bulbi Using Semi-customized Ocular Prosthesis: A Technical Note

Mutilation in the facial region may significantly affect the self-image and personality of individuals. Prosthetic rehabilitation of facial defects could increase the quality of life, thereby encouraging the patients to build up their self-confidence to return to normal social life. Acceptable cosmetic results are often obtained through facial prosthesis. Recovery after the loss of an eye requi...

متن کامل

مطالعه تنوع ژنتیکی جمعیت های زنبور عسل استان کرمان با استفاده از نشان گرهای ISSR

The aim of this study was assestment of genetic diversity for honey bee populations in Kerman province using two inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers. In this study, 30 samples from 6 populations (Kerman, Jiroft, Raein, Rabor, Bardsir and Flo) were collected. While using (AC)8G and (AGAC)4GC primers in PCR, DNA profiles of bees were found to possess 16 polymorphic fragments. The number o...

متن کامل

A NOTE TO INTERPRETABLE FUZZY MODELS AND THEIR LEARNING

In this paper we turn the attention to a well developed theory of fuzzy/lin-guis-tic models that are interpretable and, moreover, can be learned from the data.We present four different situations demonstrating both interpretability as well as learning abilities of these models.

متن کامل

Moving towards Ecological Farming Plan Bee – Living without Pesticides

Executive Summary 3 1: Introduction 9 2: Factors causing bee declines – implications for agriculture 15 3: Ecological farming versus industrial agriculture – impacts on bees 21 4: Ecological pest control to eliminate the use of synthetic chemical pesticides 39 Appendix 1 54 Appendix 2 56 3 The drastic decline of wild and managed bee populations recorded in recent years in Europe and North Ameri...

متن کامل

L2 Teachers’ Representations of Classroom Management Events: Variations across Experience Levels

Knowledge representation, defined as the way individuals structure their knowledge and cognitive processing of events and the associated sense-making processes, is believed to influence teachers’ reasoning/thinking skills. While extensively researched in mainstream teacher education, this line of inquiry is essentially lacking in the L2 teacher education literature. To fill some of the void, th...

متن کامل

ذخیره در منابع من


  با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

عنوان ژورنال:

دوره   شماره 

صفحات  -

تاریخ انتشار 2005