Avishalom Tor and Stephen M . Garcia - Effect : Beyond Probability Judgments

BEYOND PROBABILITY 1 Running head: BEYOND PROBABILITY The N-Effect: Beyond Winning Probabilities

Fairness and the Willingness to Accept Plea Bargain Offers

Ranks and rivals: a theory of competition.

Social comparison theories typically imply a comparable degree of competition between commensurate rivals who are competing on a mutually important dimension. However, the present analysis reveals that the degree of competition between such rivals depends on their proximity to a meaningful standard. Studies 1 to 3 test the prediction that individuals become more competitive and less willing to ...

The N-Effect

The present analysis introduces the N-Effect – the discovery that increasing the number of competitors (N) can decrease competitive motivation. Studies 1a-b found evidence that average test scores (e.g., SAT scores) fall as the average number of test-takers at testtaking venues increases. Study 2 found that individuals trying to finish an easy quiz among the top 20 percent in terms of speed fin...

The N-effect: more competitors, less competition.

This article introduces the N-effect-the discovery that increasing the number of competitors (N) can decrease competitive motivation. Studies 1a and 1b found evidence that average test scores (e.g., SAT scores) fall as the average number of test takers at test-taking venues increases. Study 2 found that individuals trying to finish an easy quiz among the top 20% in terms of speed finished signi...