The development of diving behavior in juvenile Weddell seals: pushing physiological limits in order to survive
نویسنده
چکیده
In juvenile phocids, the successful transition from nursing to independent foraging is contingent upon the development of adequate diving skills within the limited time between weaning and the depletion of body reserves. Yet, because juvenile seals are unable to remain submerged for as long as adults, owing to their smaller size, higher metabolic rates, and lowered oxygen stores, their behavioral options are likely constrained. To determine how such limitations might influence foraging strategies, we studied the development of diving behavior and physiology in Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) juveniles, using a combination of time–depth recorders, satellite-linked dive recorders, and morphological and physiological measurements (mass and blood chemistry). Time–depth recorder data indicated that the average depth, duration, and frequency of dives made by pups increased rapidly in the period from birth through weaning, but slowed soon thereafter. While preweaning increases in these parameters were correlated with seal age, postweaning increases in dive capacity were gradual and were probably the result of slower changes in mass and body composition. In weaned pups and yearlings, dive frequency and time underwater increased with age and (or) mass. Despite their smaller size and lower absolute energy requirements, the amount of time juveniles spent in the water was similar to that spent by adults. However, because juveniles were unable to remain submerged as long as adults and because most foraging dives were deep, juveniles were unable to spend an equivalent amount of time at the foraging depths. This difference was evident even though juveniles dove much closer to their anaerobic threshold than did adults. These findings support the hypothesis that the foraging efficiency of younger seals is reduced relative to that of adults, owing to physiological and morphological constraints on aerobic dive duration, and suggests that low juvenile survival might result from behavioral constraints. Résumé : Chez les jeunes phocidés, la transition entre la période d’allaitement et la quête de nourriture autonome dépend de l’acquisition d’aptitudes adéquates à plonger dans la période critique entre le sevrage et le déclin des réserves énergétiques. Cependant, parce que les juvéniles sont incapables de rester submergés aussi longtemps que les adultes à cause de leur taille plus petite, leur taux de métabolisme plus élevé et leurs réserves d’oxygène moins grandes, leurs options en matière de stratégies comportementales sont probablement restreintes. Pour déterminer comment de telles contraintes peuvent influencer les stratégies de quête de nourriture, nous avons étudié l’évolution du comportement de plongée et de la physiologie chez de jeunes Phoques de Weddel (Leptonychotes weddellii) au moyen de plusieurs méthodes combinées, utilisation d’appareils enregistreurs de la profondeur et de la durée, d’appareils enregistreurs de plongée liés à un satellite, prise de mesures morphologiques et physiologiques (masse, chimie du sang). Les appareils enregistreurs de la profondeur et de la durée ont montré que la profondeur, la durée et la fréquence moyennes des plongées augmentent rapidement entre la naissance et le sevrage, mais diminuent ensuite peu après. Alors que l’augmentation de ces paramètres avant le sevrage est en corrélation avec l’âge chez les juvéniles, l’augmentation de la capacité de plongée après le sevrage est graduelle et résulte probablement des variations moins rapides de la masse et de la composition corporelle. Chez les jeunes phoques sevrés et les phoques de 1 an, la fréquence des plongées et le temps passé sous l’eau augmentent en fonction de l’âge et (ou) de la masse. En dépit de leur plus petite taille et de leurs besoins énergétiques absolus moins importants, les juvéniles passent autant de temps dans l’eau que les adultes. Cependant, parce que les juvéniles sont incapables de rester submergés aussi longtemps que les adultes et comme la plupart des plongées de quête de nourriture se font en eau profonde, les juvéniles sont incapables de passer autant de temps aux profondeurs où ils pourraient trouver leur nourriture. La différence est flagrante, même si en plongée les jeunes se rapprochent beaucoup plus de leur seuil anaérobie que les adultes. Ces résultats confirment l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’efficacité de la recherche de nourriture chez les jeunes phoques est moins grande que celle des adultes à cause des contraintes physiologiques et morphologiques qui conditionnent la durée des plongées aérobies et indiquent que la survie plus faible des juvéniles peut être attribuable à des contraintes
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