Resilience and vulnerability of permafrost to climate change1

نویسندگان

  • M. Torre Jorgenson
  • Vladimir Romanovsky
  • Jennifer Harden
  • Yuri Shur
  • Jonathan O’Donnell
  • Edward A. G. Schuur
  • Mikhail Kanevskiy
  • Sergei Marchenko
چکیده

The resilience and vulnerability of permafrost to climate change depends on complex interactions among topography, water, soil, vegetation, and snow, which allow permafrost to persist at mean annual air temperatures (MAATs) as high as +2 8C and degrade at MAATs as low as –20 8C. To assess these interactions, we compiled existing data and tested effects of varying conditions on mean annual surface temperatures (MASTs) and 2 m deep temperatures (MADTs) through modeling. Surface water had the largest effect, with water sediment temperatures being ~10 8C above MAAT. A 50% reduction in snow depth reduces MADT by 2 8C. Elevation changes between 200 and 800 m increases MAAT by up to 2.3 8C and snow depths by ~40%. Aspect caused only a ~1 8C difference in MAST. Covarying vegetation structure, organic matter thickness, soil moisture, and snow depth of terrestrial ecosystems, ranging from barren silt to white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) forest to tussock shrub, affect MASTs by ~6 8C and MADTs by ~7 8C. Groundwater at 2– 7 8C greatly affects lateral and internal permafrost thawing. Analyses show that vegetation succession provides strong negative feedbacks that make permafrost resilient to even large increases in air temperatures. Surface water, which is affected by topography and ground ice, provides even stronger negative feedbacks that make permafrost vulnerable to thawing even under cold temperatures. Résumé : La résilience et la vulnérabilité du pergélisol face aux changements climatiques dépendent d’interactions complexes entre la topographie, l’eau, le sol, la végétation et la neige qui permettent au pergélisol de se maintenir à des températures moyennes annuelles de l’air (TMAA) aussi élevées que +2 8C et de se dégrader à des TMAA aussi basses que –20 8C. Pour évaluer ces interactions, nous avons compilé des données existantes et testé les effets de diverses conditions de température moyenne annuelle en surface (TMAS) et à une profondeur de 2 m (TMAP) par l’entremise de la modélisation. L’eau de surface avait l’effet le plus prononcé alors que la température à l’interface entre l’eau et les sédiments était ~10 8C plus élevée que la TMAA. Une diminution de l’épaisseur de la couche de neige de 50 % réduit la TMAP de 2 8C. Un changement d’altitude entre 200 et 800 m augmente la TMAA de 2,3 8C et l’épaisseur de la couche de neige de ~40 %. L’orientation cause une différence de seulement ~1 8C de la TMAS. La structure de la végétation, l’épaisseur de la matière organique, l’humidité du sol et l’épaisseur de la couche de neige qui covarient dans les écosystèmes terrestres, allant de la toundra limoneuse à la forêt d’épinette blanche (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) et à la zone de transition entre les buttes de gazon et les arbustes, affectent la TMAS de ~6 8C et la TMAP de ~7 8C. À une température de 2–7 8C, l’eau souterraine influence grandement la fonte latérale et interne du pergélisol. Les analyses montrent que la succession de la végétation engendre de fortes rétroactions négatives qui rendent le pergélisol résistant à une augmentation même importante de la température de l’air. L’eau de surface qui est influencée par la topographie et la glace au sol engendre des rétroactions négatives encore plus prononcées qui rendent le pergélisol vulnérable à la fonte même si la température est

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تاریخ انتشار 2010