Psychological predictors of injury occurrence: a prospective investigation of professional Swedish soccer players.

CONTEXT Athletes participating in sport are exposed to a high injury risk. Previous research has found a great number of risk factors (both physiological and psychological) that could increase injury risk. One limitation in previous studies is that few have considered the complex interaction between psychological factors in their research design. OBJECTIVE To study whether personality, stress, and coping predicted injury occurrence in an elite soccer population based on a hypothesized model. DESIGN Prospective. PARTICIPANTS 56 (n = 38 male, n = 18 female) Swedish Premiere League soccer players were selected based on convenience sampling. INTERVENTION Participants completed 4 questionnaires including the Swedish Universities Scales of Personality, Life Events Survey for Collegiate Athletes, and Brief COPE during the initial questionnaire administration. Subsequent to the first meeting, participants also completed the Hassle and Uplift Scale5 once per wk for a 13-wk period throughout the competitive season. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES A path analysis was conducted examining the influence of personality traits (ie, trait anxiety), state-level stressors (ie, negative-life-event stress and daily hassles), and coping on injury frequency. RESULTS Results of the path analysis indicated that trait anxiety, negative-life-event stress, and daily hassle were significant predictors of injury among professional soccer players, accounting for 24% of the variance. CONCLUSION The findings highlight the need for athletes, coaches, and medical practitioners to attempt to reduce state-level stressors, especially daily hassles, in minimizing injury risk. Educating and training athletes and coaches in proactive stress-management techniques appears warranted.