Floral Diversity in Relation to Playa Wetland Area and Watershed Disturbance
نویسندگان
چکیده
There are 25,000–30,000 playa wetlands in the intensively cultivated Southern Great Plains of the United States. Knowledge of area and watershed influences on wetland flora are needed to guide their conservation. We surveyed plant-community composition in 224 playas over 360,000 km 2 and examined the relationships of species richness and diversity (Shannon’s) to playa area and watershed disturbance. The relationship of increasing species diversity to increasing area is most often hypothesized to be associated with an increasing number of habitats and/or larger populations as area increases. Watershed disturbance ( perennial grassland vs. annual cropland) was included to determine its relationship to floral diversity and bioinvasion by exotic species. For all (terrestrial and wetland) plant species and all playas, there were only marginal relationships ( r 2 0.1) between area and richness and diversity. Analyses supported the hypothesis that the number of habitats affects playa plant diversity because number of habitats changed little as playa area increased. Tests on only wetland plant species suggested stronger ( r 2 0.2) relationships between richness and area. This relationship also was not likely related to increased population size, because large playas remain flooded longer than small playas, and therefore wetland plant species have a greater opportunity to become established. Finally, playas with cropland watersheds had more ( p 0.05) exotic species, higher diversity, and fewer perennial species than playas with grassland watersheds. Because watershed cultivation has altered playa hydroperiod and increased frequency of disturbance, playas are associated with a flora dominated more by annuals and exotics. Conservation efforts aimed at preserving playa wetland plant diversity and native communities should focus not only on the area of the wetland but also on the condition of its watershed. Diversidad Floral con Relación al Área de Humedal Playero y la Perturbación de la Cuenca Hidrológica Resumen: En el sur de la intensamente cultivada Gran Planicie de E. U. A. existen entre 25,000 y 30,000 humedales de playa. Se requiere de conocimiento del área y de las influencias de la cuenca sobre la flora del humedal para guiar su conservación. Analizamos la composición de la comunidad vegetal en 224 playas en 360,000 km 2 y examinamos las relaciones de la riqueza y diversidad (Shannon) de especies con la superficie de playa y la perturbación de la cuenca. A menudo se postula que la relación del incremento en la diversidad de especies con el incremento del área está asociada con el incremento en los números de hábitat y/o con mayores poblaciones a medida que incrementa la superficie. Se incluyó la perturbación de la cuenca ( pastizal perenne vs. cultivos anuales) para determinar su relación con la diversidad floral y la invasión biológica de especies exóticas. Para todas las especies de plantas (terrestres y de humedal) y todas las playas, solo hubo relaciones marginales ( r 2 0.1, pendientes 0.1) entre la superficie y la riqueza y diversidad. Los análisis apoyaron la hipótesis de que el número de hábitats afecta la diversidad de plantas de playa porque hubo poco cambio en el número de hábitats al incrementar la superficie. Pruebas con solo las especies de plantas de humedal sugirieron relaciones más robustas ( r 2 0.2) entre riqueza y área. Esta relación tampoco estuvo relacionada con el incremento en el tamaño poblacional porque las playas extensas permanecen inundadas más tiempo que las playas pequeñas, y, por lo tanto, las especies de plantas de humedal tienen una Paper submitted December 21, 2000; revised manuscript accepted August 22, 2001.
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