Thioredoxin-mediated Negative Autoregulation of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor Transcriptional Activity

PPAR , a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, and thioredoxin, a critical redox-regulator in cells, were found to form a negative feedback loop, which autoregulates transcriptional activity of PPAR . Thioredoxin was identified as a target gene of PPAR . Activation of PPAR leads to increase of thioredoxin expression as well as its translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus, whereas ectopic overexpression of thioredoxin in the nucleus dramatically inhibited both constitutive and ligand-dependent PPAR activation. As PPAR -target genes, the expression of muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, medium chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase, and apolipoprotein A-I were significantly down-regulated by nucleus-targeted thioredoxin at transcriptional or protein level. The suppression of PPAR transcriptional activity by Trx could be enhanced by overexpression of thioredoxin reductase or knockdown of thioredoxin-interacting protein, but abrogated by mutating the redox-active sites of thioredoxin. Mammalian one-hybrid assays showed that thioredoxin inhibited PPAR activity by modulating its AF-1 transactivation domain. It was also demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility-shift assay that thioredoxin inhibited the binding of PPAR to the PPAR-response element. Together, it is speculated that the reported negative-feedback loop may be essential for maintaining the homeostasis of PPAR activity.