Self-Organization and Complex Dynamical Systems in the Evolution of Speech
نویسنده
چکیده
t h e m s e l v e s i n t h e p e r s p e c t i v e o f r e s e a r c h o n t h e o r i g i n s o f s p e e c h , a n d d o n o t a s k t h e q u e s t i o n w h e r e t h e s o u n d s y s t e m t h e y a s s u m e c o m e s f r o m . T o i l l u s t r a t e t h i s p r o c e s s , I w i l l r e d o s o m e s i m u l a t i o n s s i m i l a r t o t h o s e p r e s e n t e d e a r l i e r , b u t u s i n g a t w o d i m e n s i o n a l o r g a n r e l a t i o n s p a c e , w h i c h w i l l e n a b l e u s t o v i s u a l i z e t h e p e r c e p t u a l m a g n e t e f f e c t w i t h t h e p o p u l a t i o n v e c t o r d e c o d i n g s y s t e m . F i g u r e 6 . 1 8 s h o w s a n e x a m p l e o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f p r e f e r r e d v e c t o r s o f t h e n e u r a l m a p s o f t w o a g e n t s a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f a s i m u l a t i o n . A f t e r 2 , 0 0 0 v o c a l i z a t i o n s , t h e s a m e t w o a g e n t s a r e f o u n d t o h a v e n e u r a l m a p s l i k e t h o s e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e u p p e r p a n e l o f F i g u r e 6 . 2 0 . C l u s t e r s s h a r e d b y t h e a g e n t s a r e f o r m e d , b u t t h e y a r e n o t v e r y v i s i b l e i n t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f p r e f e r r e d v e c t o r s b e c a u s e o n t h e o n e h a n d m o s t o f t h e p r e f e r r e d v e c t o r s i n t h e s a m e c l u s t e r a r e r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e s a m e p o i n t ( t h e y h a v e q u a s i i d e n t i c a l v a l u e s ) , a n d o n t h e o t h e r h a n d t h e r e a r e s t i l l a f e w i s o l a t e d n e u r o n s t h e m s e l v e s a l s o r e p r e s e n t e d b y a s i n g l e p o i n t . I t i s t h e l o w e r p a n e l s , w i t h a r r o w s , t h a t w i l l l e t u s s e e t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p r e f e r r e d v e c t o r s t h a t w i l l b e e x p l a i n e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a r a g r a p h s . I w i l l n o w e v a l u a t e t h e w a y i n w h i c h t h e s e t w o a g e n t s ‘ s e n s e ’ s o u n d s a t t h e b e g i n n i n g a n d e n d o f t h e s i m u l a t i o n . T o d o t h i s , I g e n e r a t e s o m e a r t i fi c a l s t a t i c s o u n d s w h i c h s e r v e a s i n p u t s t i m u l i . T h e s e s t i m u l i a r e s p r e a d r e g u l a r l y t h r o u g h o u t t h e s p a c e , a c c o r d i n g t o a r e g u l a r g r i d . F o r e a c h o f t h e s e s t i m u l i , t h e a c t i v a t i o n s o f a l l t h e n e u r a l u n i t s a r e c a l c u l a t e d , t h e n t h e p o p u l a t i o n v e c t o r i s c a l c u l a t e d , w h i c h g i v e s a p o i n t i n o r g a n r e l a t i o n s p a c e , t h e r e s u l t o f t h e d e c o d i n g . T h e s e t o f t h e s e s t i m u l i a n d t h e i r d e c o d i n g s f r o m a c t i v a t i o n s o f t h e n e u r a l m a p s i s r e p r e s e n t e d b y a r r o w s : e a c h a r r o w c o r r e s p o n d s a t i t s s t a r t t o a s t i m u l u s 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 9 1 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 9 1 N e u r a l m a p o f a g e n t 1 i n i t i a l l y 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 9 1 0 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 9 1 N e u r a l m a p o f a g e n t 2 i n i t i a l l y F I G U R E 6 . 1 8 . T h e p r e f e r r e d v e c t o r s o f t w o a g e n t s a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e s i m u l a t i o n w h e n t h e a b s t r a c t o r g a n r e l a t i o n s p a c e i s t w o d i m e n s i o n a l . ! ! “ t h e s e : O u d e y e r ” — 2 0 0 6 / 2 / 1 — 1 7 : 2 3 — p a g e 1 9 — # 1 9 ! !
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Complex Dynamical Systems in the Evolution of Speech
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