Pii: S0010-0277(00)00072-x

Two experiments with the Stroop paradigm were conducted to investigate the role of phonological codes in access to the meaning of Chinese characters. Subjects named the ink color of viewed characters or color patches. Key items were color characters, their homophones with the same tone, homophones with different tones, and semantic associates. Apart from ®nding the usual Stroop interference effect, homophones produced signi®cant interference in the incongruent condition, provided that they had the same tone as the color characters. The interference effect from homophones, however, was signi®cantly smaller than that from color characters. Semantic associates generated an interference effect in the incongruent condition, an effect of the same magnitude as the effect from the same-tone homophones. Finally, in the congruent conditions, all the key items yielded facilitations compared to neutral controls, though the facilitation from color characters was larger than the facilitations from other types of characters. These ®ndings suggest that phonological codes in Chinese are activated obligatorily and provide early sources of constraint in access to meaning. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.