Johnson Noise and Shot Noise
نویسنده
چکیده
Two types of electrical noise fundamental to any circuit and their relation to fundamental constants are investigated. Johnson noise of a controlled-gain system is measured across different resistances and temperatures, leading to a calculation of the Boltzmann constant k = (1.48± .07)×10−23J/K and absolute zero T0 = −(270±30) ◦C. The shot noise of a variable-current system is measured, leading to a calculation of the electron charge at e = (1.71 ± .14) × 10−19 C. Sources of error are discussed.
منابع مشابه
Johnson Noise and Shot Noise: The Boltzmann Constant, Absolute Zero, and the Electron Charge
Electrons in conductors at finite nonzero temperatures produce measurable voltages due to thermal noise, even if the conductor is not driven by any other external voltage. The thermal noise voltage, called Johnson noise, is posited to depend only on the frequency width of the signal, as well as the temperature and resistance of the material. From the measurement of Johnson noise voltages for re...
متن کاملA pr 2 00 7 CURRENT NOISE IN QUANTUM POINT CONTACTS
We present measurements of current noise in quantum point contacts as a function of sourcedrain bias, gate voltage, and in-plane magnetic field. At zero bias, Johnson noise provides a measure of the electron temperature. At finite bias, shot noise at zero field exhibits an asymmetry related to the 0.7 structure in conductance. The asymmetry in noise evolves smoothly into the symmetric signature...
متن کاملRecent Advances in Studies of Current Noise
This is a brief review of recent activities in the field of current noise intended for newcomers. We first briefly discuss main properties of shot noise in nanostructures, and then turn to recent developments, concentrating on issues related to experimental progress: non-symmetrized cumulants and quantum noise; counting statistics; super-Poissonian noise; current noise and interferometry.
متن کاملA frequency-domain derivation of shot-noise
Articles you may be interested in A random walk to stochastic diffusion through spreadsheet analysis Am. Unified derivation of Johnson and shot noise expressions Am. A shot-noise experiment with computer control and data acquisition Am. A formula for shot-noise is derived in the frequency-domain. The derivation is complete and reasonably rigorous while being appropriate for undergraduate studen...
متن کاملJohnson Noise and Shot Noise: The Determination of the Boltzmann Constant, Absolute Zero Temperature and the Charge of the Electron
In electronic measurements, one observes “signals,” which must be distinctly above the “noise.” Noise induced from outside sources may be reduced by shielding and proper “grounding.” Less noise means greater sensitivity with signal/noise as the figure of merit. However, there exist fundamental sources of noise which no clever circuit can avoid. The intrinsic noise is a result of the thermal jit...
متن کامل