Predicting design induced pilot error using HET (human error template) – A new formal human error identification method for flight decks

χ Value in the Chi-square distribution used to test for significant differences between three (or more) independent groups when using the Kruskall-Wallis non-parametric analysis of variance where the dependent variable is measured on an ordinal scale. p Probability of making a type I decision error. U Critical value in the Mann-Whitney U test to test for significant differences between two independent groups where the dependent variable is measured on an ordinal scale. The parameter U is the number of times a value in one group precedes a value in another group when values are sorted in ascending order. z A value in the standard normal distribution that may be related directly to a probability value to determine statistical significance when using the Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Signed Ranks test to establish if there is a statistically significant difference between two related samples where the dependent variable is measured on an ordinal scale. ABSTRACT