Steroid-Induced Iatrogenic Glaucoma

Steroids in susceptible individuals can cause a clinical condition similar to primary open-angle glaucoma. Five percent of the population are high steroid responders and develop an intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation of more than 15 mm Hg above baseline. IOP elevation may occur as early as 1 day to as late as 12 weeks after intravitreal triamcinolone in 20–65% of patients. On average, 75% of eyes with steroid implants require IOP-lowering therapy at some point within 3 years of follow-up. The exact mechanism of steroid-induced glaucoma is not totally understood, but decreased trabecular meshwork outflow is regarded as the main cause of IOP elevation. High-risk patients who receive steroids should be monitored closely and if they develop elevated IOP, steroids with lower potency or steroid-sparing agents should be used. The IOP usually returns to normal within 2–4 weeks after stopping the steroid. About 1–5% of patients do not respond to medical therapy and need surgery. Trabeculectomy, trabeculotomy, shunt surgery, and cyclodestructive procedures are among the methods employed. Removal of residual sub-Tenon or intravitreal steroids may help hasten the resolution of the steroid response. Early results with anecortave acetate, an analog of cortisol acetate with antiangiogenic activity, in controlling IOP have been promising. Copyright © 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel Received: September 1, 2010 Accepted after revision: April 4, 2011 Published online: July 13, 2011 L. Jay Katz, MD Glaucoma Service at Wills Eye Institute 840 Walnut Street, Suite 1130 Philadelphia, PA 19107 (USA) Tel. +1 215 928 0166, E-Mail LJKwayne @ aol.com © 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel 0030–3747/12/0472–0066$38.00/0 Accessible online at: www.karger.com/ore Steroid-Induced Iatrogenic Glaucoma Ophthalmic Res 2012;47:66–80 67 been reported [7, 8] . Corneal-induced errors in IOP measurement, decreased corneal thickness and the accumulation of fluid beneath the Lasik flap may be possible reasons for the failure to recognize steroid-induced iatrogenic glaucoma [9, 10] . The current popular use of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) for various vitroretinal diseases has led to an increased incidence of corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension or glaucoma from IVTA [11–25] . As the list of indications and use of IVTA increases, the incidence of IOP elevation secondary to IVTA will be more common and more likely to be encountered by ophthalmologists. This review will address the issue of steroid-induced iatrogenic hypertension or glaucoma with an emphasis on the glaucoma associated with IVTA.