Metaphors in Cognitive and Neurosciences Which impact have metaphors on scientific theories and models?
نویسنده
چکیده
In this article, I am going to explain how the most frequent metaphor types used in cognitive and neurosciences – reification and spatial metaphors, personification, and technological metaphors – are connected to theoretical problems that occur in these scientific disciplines. These theoretical problems include the idea of memory as space, which is connected with the difficulty of a realistic description of the mental lexicon, the problem of free will, and the mind-body problem. Because of some obvious parallels between metaphorical language and arguments made in the scientific description of the mind, I will argue that certain metaphors used in scientific language are not merely linguistic problems but deeply rooted in scientific arguments. This holds for metaphors that scientists are aware of as well as for unconsciously used metaphors. My observations are intended to highlight some characteristics of metaphors in science. Furthermore, they provide a possible approach to investigating the connection between linguistic and conceptual metaphors in complex cases as scientific models. Ich werde in diesem Artikel beschreiben, wie die häufigsten Metapherntypen in den Kognitionsund Neurowissenschaften – Reifikation und Raummetaphern, Personifizierung und Technikmetaphern – mit theoretischen Problemen dieser Disziplinen verknüpft sind. Diese theoretischen Probleme sind die konzeptuelle Verbindung von Gedächtnis und „Raum“ (oder auch „Platz“), welches mit der Schwierigkeit einer realistischen Beschreibung des mentalen Lexikons verknüpft ist, das Problem des freien Willens und das Leib-Seele-Problem. Da es einige offensichtliche Kohärenzen zwischen metaphorischer Sprache und wissenschaftlichen Beschreibungen von Kognition und Gehirn gibt, werde ich zeigen, dass bestimmte Metaphern in der Wissenschaftssprache nicht nur sprachliche Probleme darstellen, sondern grundlegend mit entsprechenden wissenschaftlichen Argumenten verknüpft sind. Das gilt sowohl für von Wissenschaftlern bewusst eingeführte als auch für unbewusst verwendete Metaphern. Meine Beobachtungen sollen einige Charakteristika von Metaphern in der Wissenschaft deutlich machen. Außerdem zeigen sie eine Möglichkeit, die Verbindung von sprachlichen und konzeptuellen Metaphern in komplexen Fällen wie wissenschaftlichen Modellen zu untersuchen.
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