Analysis of kidney stones by PXRD and evaluation of the antiurolithic potential of Coix lacryma jobi

From centuries human has been afflicted by urinary calculi (Urolithiasis). These calculi are formed from crystal aggregation and retention in the urinary tract. The incidence and prevalence of urolithiasis may be related to various factors including age, sex, ethnicity, diet, fluid intake, genetic predisposition, climatic conditions, and urinary tract infections. Study of chemical composition and ultrastructure of various types of calculi helps in understanding mechanism of urolith nucleation, growth and aggregation; subsequently, it helps in prevention and management of urolithiasis. In the present investigation, PXRD technique was used to determine mineral composition of renal calculi. Results of the present investigation revealed that renal calculus of calcium oxalate is more abundant than calcium salts of phosphate. Among the calcium salts of oxalate, whewellite form is more abundant than weddellite form. From centuries back, medicinal plants were used for the treatment of urolithiasis. Here in the present investigation, antiurolithic property of a commonly used medicinal plant, Coix lacryma jobi was assessed by subjecting different extracts of this plant for its in vitro antibacterial activity and decrystallizing property. Among the different extracts, extracts of chloroform and petroleum show maximum antibacterial property. Moreover, the aqueous extract can decrystallize renal calculi. Therefore, Coix lacryma jobi may be used as a plant for the treatment of urolithiasis. The present investigation also highlights that calcium oxalate are found to be more prevalent than other types of renal calcluli. However, mechanism of decrystallizing property and antibacterial activity of this plant needs further investigation.