Community-wide trophic cascades and other indirect interactions in an agricultural community
نویسنده
چکیده
A current goal in ecology is to elucidate the relative roles of primary and secondary consumers versus plant resources in determining community structure and dynamics. The complexity and diversity of terrestrial communities has been hypothesized to strongly influence the strength of these topdown and bottom-up forces, and in turn, trophic interactions are predicted to have significant consequences for species diversity within trophic levels. To examine the relative strengths of top-down and bottom-up trophic interactions and their relationship to arthropod diversity in an agricultural ecosystem, we conducted experiments in two alfalfa fields with different management regimes in which we manipulated light availability, nutrients, and arthropod abundance. We employed path analysis to examine how variation generated by these manipulations influenced top-down and bottom-up trophic pathways, focusing on alfalfa productivity and the abundance and species richness of arthropods. These analyses revealed a number of complex interactions between treatments and each of the three trophic levels. Shade structures had a strong effect on enemy, herbivore, and plant trophic levels, but much of the effect on plant biomass appeared to be mediated indirectly through changes in enemy and herbivore abundance. Potential positive effects of nutrient addition on alfalfa biomass were negated due to increases in abundance of soil microbes in the intensively managed field and herbivores in the weedy field. In the intensively managed, low arthropod abundance field, alfalfa biomass increased with herbivore diversity. However, in the lightly managed fields, herbivore diversity, which increased significantly with nutrient addition, reduced alfalfa biomass. The indirect top-down and bottom-up effects uncovered in this experiment were strong, but were not limited to the classic trophic cascades that have been the subject of intense recent investigation. Ein derzeitiges Ziel der Ökologie ist es, die relative Bedeutung von primären und sekundären Konsumenten im Gegensatz zur Bedeutung der Pflanzenressourcen auf die Bestimmung der Struktur und Dynamik von Lebensgemeinschaften zu beleuchten. Es wurde die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass die Komplexität und Diversität terrestrischer Lebensgemeinschaften einen starken Einfluss auf die Stärke dieser „top-down“ und „bottom-up“-Kräfte hat. Daher wurde vorhergesagt, dass trophische Interaktionen ihrerseits signifikante Auswirkungen auf die Artendiversität in trophischen Ebenen haben. Um die relative Stärke der trophischen „top-down“ und „bottom-up“-Interaktionen und ihre Beziehung zur Arthropodendiversität in einem Agrarökosystem zu untersuchen, führten wir Experimente in zwei Luzernefeldern mit unterschiedlichen Bewirtschaftungsformen aus, in welchen wir die Lichtverfügbarkeit, die Nährstoffe und die Arthropodenabundanz manipulierten. Wir wendeten eine Pfad-Analyse an, um zu untersuchen, wie die durch die Manipulationen erzeugte Variation die trophischen „top-down“ und „bottom-up“-Bahnen beeinflusst, wobei wir uns auf die Luzerneproduktivität sowie die Abundanz und den Artenreichtum der Arthropoden konzentrierten. Diese Analysen deckten eine Anzahl komplexer Interaktionen zwischen den Behandlungen und *Corresponding author: Lee A. Dyer, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 310 Dinwiddie Hall, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA, Phone: 504-862-8288, Fax: 504-862-8706, e-mail: [email protected] 1439-1791/03/04/05-423 $ 15.00/0 Basic Appl. Ecol. 4, 423–432 (2003) © Urban & Fischer Verlag http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/baecol Basic and Applied Ecology jeder der drei trophischen Ebenen auf. Schattenstrukturen hatten einen starken Effekt auf der Feind-, Herbivorenund Pflanzen-Ebene. Allerdings schien ein Großteil des Effektes auf die Pflanzenbiomasse indirekt durch Veränderungen der Abundanz von Feinden und Herbivoren ausgeglichen zu werden. Potenzielle positive Effekte durch die Zugabe von Nährstoffen auf die Luzernebiomasse wurden durch die Zunahme der Abundanz der Bodenmikroorganismen in den intensiv gepflegten und der Herbivoren in den verunkrauteten Feldern aufgehoben. In dem intensiv gepflegten Feld mit geringer Arthropodenabundanz nahm die Luzernebiomasse mit der Herbivorendiversität zu. In den weniger intensiv gepflegten Feldern reduzierte die Herbivorendiversität, die signifikant mit der Nährstoffzugabe zunahm, die Luzernebiomasse. Die indirekten „top-down“ und „bottom-up“Effekte, die mit diesem Experiment entdeckt wurden, sind stark, waren aber nicht auf die klassischen trophischen Kaskaden beschränkt, die Gegenstand jüngster, intensiver Forschung waren.
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تاریخ انتشار 2003