Estrogen Signaling in Stroke Genetic and Experimental Studies
نویسندگان
چکیده
................................................................................................. 1 LIST OF ORIGINAL PAPERS .................................................................. 2 ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................5-29 Stroke ........................................................................................................ 5 Definitions and classifications ................................................................. 5 Etiology and pathophysiology ................................................................. 6 Ischemic stroke......................................................................................... 7 Intracerebral hemorrhage........................................................................... 8 Risk factors ............................................................................................... 8 Age and gender......................................................................................... 9 Hypertension ............................................................................................ 9 Smoking .................................................................................................. 9 Diabetes mellitus ...................................................................................... 9 Total serum cholesterol ........................................................................... 10 Serum triglycerides ................................................................................. 10 Body mass index (BMI) ....................................................................... 10 Genetics ................................................................................................... 11 Genetic variability .................................................................................. 11 Population genetics ................................................................................. 12 The northern Swedish population............................................................. 12 Prospective nested case-control studies .................................................... 13 Genotyping methods ............................................................................... 13 Genetics of stroke ................................................................................... 14 Monogenic stroke ................................................................................... 14 Polygenic stroke ..................................................................................... 14 Estrogen signaling .................................................................................. 15 Cardiovascular effects of estrogen signaling ....................................... 17 Estrogens and hypertension ..................................................................... 17 Estrogens and cerebral vasotension .......................................................... 18 Estrogens and serum lipids ...................................................................... 18 Estrogens and atherogenesis .................................................................... 18 Estrogens and hemostasis ........................................................................ 19 Estrogens and arterial calcification........................................................... 19 Estrogen signaling and stroke .................................................................. 19 The calcification paradox and stroke ........................................................ 20 Osteoprotegerin (OPG) ........................................................................... 20 OPG in arterial calcification and vascular diseases .................................... 21 Interleukin-6 (IL-6)................................................................................. 22
منابع مشابه
Genetic polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor - α Gene codon 325(CCC}CCG) and risk of breast cancer among Iranian women: a case control study
Abstract Background: The Iranian breast cancer patients are relatively younger than their Western counterparts. Evidence suggests that alterations in estrogen signaling pathways , including estrogen receptor-α (ER- α ), occur during breast cancer development in Caucasians. Epidemiologic studies have revealed that age-incidence patterns of breast cancer in Asians differ from those in Cauca...
متن کاملThe Serum Level of Estrogen and Progesterone and Their Ratio in Patients with Ischemic Stroke: A Comparative Study
Background: The role of estrogen and progesterone in stroke is suggested in previous studies, but yet is controversial. Objectives: Comparing the plasma levels of estrogen and progesterone and their ratio in ischemic stroke patients and healthy population. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted from March to September of 2013. Sixty-six female patients older...
متن کاملHeritability for Stroke: Essential for Taking Family History
There are many well-established factors that influence the risk of stroke including blood pressure, diabetes, low socioeconomic status and smoking, however, the shared genetic resource in members of a family effect on stroke predisposition. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have demonstrated evidence of a shared genetic source in stroke risk. This review considered the influence of family...
متن کاملProtective effects of Vitex agnus-castus in ovariectomy mice following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion
Objective(s): Previous studies have indicated that phytoestrogens induce estrogenic as well as anti-inflammatory effects, and they are found in high abundance in the extracts of some herbs such as Vitex Agnus Castus (VAC). Therefore, we investigated the effect of VAC extract on ovariectomized mice after the induction of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (PMCAO...
متن کاملA critique of Women’s Health Initiative Studies (2002-2006)
The Women's Health Initiative Studies (WHI) were designed to examine the effects of estrogen and progestin (E+P; Prempro) and estrogen alone (Premarin) in post-menopausal women. The authors of the WHI studies and the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) concluded that E+P treatment increased the risks of coronary heart disease, invasive breast cancer, stroke and venous thromboembolis...
متن کامل