Dev122374 2431..2441
نویسندگان
چکیده
The long tendons of the limb extend from muscles that reside in the zeugopod (arm/leg) to their skeletal insertions in the autopod (paw). How these connections are established along the length of the limb remains unknown. Here, we show that mouse limb tendons are formed inmodular units that combine to forma functional contiguous structure; inmuscle-less limbs, tendonsdevelop in the autopodbut donot extend into the zeugopod, and in the absence of limb cartilage the zeugopod segments of tendons develop despite the absence of tendons in the autopod. Analyses of cell lineage and proliferation indicate that distinct mechanisms govern the growth of autopod and zeugopod tendon segments. To elucidate the integration of theseautopodandzeugopod developmental programs, we re-examined early tendon development. At E12.5, muscles extend across the full length of a very short zeugopod and connect through short anlagen of tendon progenitors at the presumptive wrist to their respective autopod tendon segment, thereby initiating musculoskeletal integration. Zeugopod tendon segments are subsequently generated by proximal elongation of the wrist tendon anlagen, in parallel with skeletal growth, underscoring the dependence of zeugopod tendon development onmuscles for tendon anchoring. Moreover, a subset of extensor tendons initially form as fused structures due to initial attachment of their respective wrist tendon anlage to multiple muscles. Subsequent individuation of these tendons depends on muscle activity. These results establish an integrated model for limb tendon development that provides a framework for future analyses of tendon and musculoskeletal
منابع مشابه
Ddh270 2431..2441
The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA, Department of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology, Department of Hematology/Oncology and Department of Molecular Biology and Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Etiology Program, Cancer ...
متن کاملChiral capillary electrophoresis in food analysis.
This review article addresses the different chiral capillary electrophoretic methods used to study and characterize foods and beverages through the enantiomeric separation of different food compounds such as amino acids, pesticides, polyphenols, etc. This work intends to provide an updated overview on the main applications of such enantioselective procedures together with their main advantages ...
متن کاملRoles of Stem Cells in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Introduction: Alzheimer disease (AD), known to be a leading cause of dementia that causes heavy social and financial burdens worldwide, characterized by progressive loss of neurons and synaptic connectivity after depositions of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein.AD manifests as an impaired ability to comprehend or use words, poor coordination and gait, and impaired executive functions in the realms of plan...
متن کاملAxiomatizations of Interval Logics
Interval logic has been introduced as a temporal logic that provides higher-level constructs and an intuitive graphical representation, making it easier in interval logic than in other temporal logics to specify and reason about concurrency in software and hardware designs. In this paper we present axiomatizations for two propositional interval logics and relate these logics to Until Temporal L...
متن کامل