Melanotrichus Boydi (hemiptera: Miridae) Is a Specialist on the Nickel Hyperaccumulator Streptanthus Polygaloides (brassicaceae)
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چکیده
Nickel hyperaccumulator plants contain at least 1,000 mg Ni/g dry mass. Their high-Ni tissues present a chemically unique resource for herbivorous insects. A prior survey of insects associated with the Ni hyperaccumulator Streptanthus polygaloides in California yielded a new species, Melanotrichus boydi Schwartz and Wall (Hemiptera: Miridae). Here we document the host preference of M. boydi. Surveys of 10 S. polygaloides populations across its geographical and elevational ranges documented the presence of M. boydi upon S. polygaloides at all sites. A host-choice experiment contrasting M. boydi with the polyphagous mirid Lygus hesperus (both collected from S. polygaloides) showed M. boydi preferred S. polygaloides but L. hesperus did not. Other host-choice studies showed M. boydi preferred S. polygaloides to 2 other ultramafic soil plant species in the Brassicaceae, including another species of Streptanthus. No preference was observed when M. boydi was offered samples from several populations of S. polygaloides or given a choice between high-Ni and low-Ni S. polygaloides plants. These results show that M. boydi feeds primarily on S. polygaloides but lacks population-level specificity. This is the first report of a North American insect species monophagous on a Ni hyperaccumulator species. RESUMEN—Las plantas hiperacumuladoras de nı́quel contienen al menos 1,000 mg Ni/g de peso seco. Sus tejidos con altas concentraciones de Ni representan un recurso quı́mico único para los insectos herbı́voros. Un estudio previo de los insectos asociados a la especie hiperacumuladora de Ni Streptanthus polygaloides en California condujo al hallazgo de una nueva especie, Melanotrichus boydi Schwartz y Wall (Hemiptera: Miridae). En el presente trabajo se documenta la preferencia en cuanto a hospedero de M. boydi. La investigación en diez poblaciones de S. polygaloides a lo largo de su distribución geográfica y altitudinal documentó la presencia de M. boydi en todos los sitios donde S. polygaloides crecı́a. Un experimento de selección de hospedero contrastando M. boydi con la chinche ligus Lygus hesperus (ambos colectados en S. polygaloides) mostró que M. boydi prefirió S. polygaloides mientras que L. hesperus no. Otros estudios de selección evidenciaron que M. boydi prefirió S. polygaloides antes que otras dos especies de Brassicaceae de suelos ultramáficos, incluyendo otra especie de Streptanthus. No se observó preferencia cuando a M. boydi se le ofrecieron muestras de varias poblaciones de S. polygaloides ni cuando se le dio a escoger entre plantas de S. polygaloides con concentraciones altas o bajas de Ni. Estos resultados muestran que M. boydi se alimenta primariamente de S. polygaloides pero carece de especificidad a nivel poblacional. Este constituye el primer registro de un insecto norteamericano monófago de una especie hiperacumuladora de Ni. The chemical composition of ultramafic soils creates a unique habitat in which organisms can evolve (Kruckeberg, 1992). Although ultramafic soils comprise only 1% of the California Floristic Province (CFP), almost 10% of the endemic plant species in the CFP are restricted to these soils (Kruckeberg, 1992). The high level of floristic endemism on ultramafic soils often is attributed to the high concentrations of heavy metals and low concentrations of calcium in these soils (Proctor and Woodell, 1975; Nagy and Proctor, 1997). Many authors have hypothesized that a corresponding unique fauna should also occur on serpentine soils (e.g., Proctor and Woodell, 1975; Kruckeberg, 1984; Brooks, 1987), but little research has investigated this question. Nickel hyperaccumulators are unique plant species associated with ultramafic soils. Tissues of Ni hyperaccumulators contain over 1,000 mg Ni/g THE SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST 51(4):481–489 DECEMBER 2006
منابع مشابه
Responses of Generalist Predators Fed High-Ni Melanotrichus boydi (Heteroptera: Miridae): Elemental Defense Against the Third Trophic Level
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