10 Chapter 1724
نویسنده
چکیده
THE EVOLUTIONARY TRAJECTORY from non-human primate to human forms of social organization encompasses an extraordinary series of social and cultural changes that belie our close anatomical affinity with other primates. Through our capacity to transfer what is in the conscious mind of one individual to another, we have developed adaptations that incorporate collective and not just individual thinking and learning, and thereby have been able to integrate together into larger-scale social entities what would be, for our non-human primate ancestors, disparate, spatially and behaviourally differentiated social groupings such as a primate troops or communities. This trajectory is not simply one of elaboration on characteristics already present in non-human primates in nascent form, but one that initially reached a hiatus due to a cognitive constraint acting on the consequences of interaction between two trends in primate evolution. One trend has been the elaboration and intensification of social interactions, especially through alliance or coalition formation (de Waal 1992). The other is a phylogenetic trend towards increased individualization of behaviour, which places exponentially greater cognitive demands on individuals having to cope with a social unit composed of behaviourally individualized members (Read 2004, 2005). The difficulty that individualization poses for social coherence was graphically described almost a century ago by the sociologist F. H. Hankins:
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