Pathology peer review.

This issue of Toxicologic Pathology contains an article by Morton et al. that provides recommendations for pathology peer review of nonclinical studies. This is overall a clear, very detailed, and very well-organized manuscript summarizing current recommended practices by experts in the profession and clearly defines the value that peer review lends to the final diagnostic process in toxicological pathology. Although many articles have provided commentary and recommendation on the evolving role of the peer review in creating quality, creditable pathology data, the present article consolidates and expands the preferred pathology peer review practices. It is anticipated that pathology peer review will continue to evolve, and this article documents the state of the art at the present time. Assessment of human risk from exposure to a chemical or test material involves evaluation of multiple factors, including potential exposure scenarios, toxicokinetics, and ability to manage risk by controlling exposure/dose. A cornerstone for making risk-based determinations for safety of a compound relies on evaluation of gross, microscopic, and clinical pathology in rodents and other laboratory animal species after exposure to the test material of concern. These animal studies require the pathology data to be of the highest quality with confidence in the final diagnoses in order to provide a biological basis for determining potential risk to humans who may be accidentally or intentionally exposed to the compound or test agent. Given that the pathology evaluation is based on training and judgment gained from years of experience, a well-defined peer review process can assist the study pathologist in providing the most accurate data for interpretation, which, in turn, provides the biological basis for characterization of potential human risk. The discipline and art of pathology has, historically, been one in which pathology practitioners have learned from those more experienced and has required constant review, re-evaluation, and continual learning throughout the career of the pathologist. Furthermore, each pathologist may develop specialized expertise in one or more species, one or more organs or tissues, or lesions produced by one or more classes of compounds, as well as expertise in special techniques such as immunohistochemistry, genomics, and ultrastructural examination, for example. The peer review pathologist may often have areas of expertise or experience in pathology that are different from those of the study pathologist and, therefore, may provide additional insight to help in interpretation of unfamiliar lesions, techniques, and animal models used in toxicity studies. The recommendations presented in this issue of Toxicologic Pathology are an excellent example of this heritage in pathology. They present the state of the art, a thorough description of appropriate methods in performing a peer review, and a clear statement of the goal of the review process. The primary goal of the pathology peer review is to help ensure an accurate reporting of the spectrum of test article–related lesions that occurred in the study. It is not designed to catalog a list of discrepancies, focus on incidental/trivial findings, or grade the quality of the pathologist. Although those issues may become relevant in the review of a study, the purpose of the peer review process is to ensure the pathology report is an accurate reflection of the pathology findings for the study. The approach for the peer review as described in these recommendations is consistent with that goal. As an increasing number of studies are conducted by contract research organizations, some of the peer reviews that took place informally at the sponsor’s facility are now conducted by a sponsor-designated, peer review pathologist. This pathologist may often provide an additional, valuable perspective on the study, as the sponsor pathologist is often familiar with known (unique) mechanisms of action of the test article and aware The views expressed in this editorial are those of the authors and do not represent the opinions or policies of the organizations to which they belong.