Spoofing and countermeasures for automatic speaker verification

It is widely acknowledged that most biometric systems are vulnerable to spoofing, also known as imposture. While vulnerabilities and countermeasures for other biometric modalities have been widely studied, e.g. face verification, speaker verification systems remain vulnerable. This paper describes some specific vulnerabilities studied in the literature and presents a brief survey of recent work to develop spoofing countermeasures. The paper concludes with a discussion on the need for standard datasets, metrics and formal evaluations which are needed to assess vulnerabilities to spoofing in realistic scenarios without prior knowledge.