What We Can Learn from Invertebrate Learning

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 586 WHAT INVERTEBRATES LE RN ........................................................................................ 586 Physiologically Analyzed Learning Paradigms ................................................................... 587 Choice ofParadigms ............................................................................................................ 588 LOCI OF FUNCTIONAL CHANGES RESPONSIBLE FOR LEARNING ............................ 590 Aplysia .................................................................................................................................. 591 Crayfish .................................................................................. ~..i .......................................... 593 Hermissenda ......................................................................................................................... 595 Insects ................................................................................................................................... 596 lntrinsic Change or Extrinsic Modulation? ......................................................................... 597 Parallel Distributed Processing? ......................................................................................... 598 THE FUNCTIONAL EXPRESSION OF E GRAMS ............................................................. 599 Altered Ion Channels ........................................................................................................... 599 Undefined Physiological Changes ....................................................................................... 600 Anatomical Change .............................................................................................................. 600 THE INDUCTION OF NEURONAL CHANGES RESPONSIBLE FOR LEARNING ......... 601 Initiation ofChange ............................................................................................................. 601 Implementation of Change ................................................................................................... 610 MEMORY .................................................................................................................................. 613 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................ 614