Experimental manipulation of predation and food supply of arctic ground squirrels in the boreal forest
نویسندگان
چکیده
We examined whether arctic ground squirrel (Spermophilus parryii plesius) populations in northern boreal forest in the Yukon Territory, Canada, were limited by food, predators, or a combination of both, during the decline and low phases of a snowshoe hare cycle. From 1990 to 1995, populations were monitored in large-scale (1 km2) experimental manipulations. Squirrels were studied on eight 9-ha grids: four unmanipulated control grids, two foodsupplemented grids, a predator-exclosure grid, and a predator-exclosure + food-supplemented grid. Population density was measured on all grids by livetrapping and active-season survival was measured using radiotelemetry. Population densities were lowest in 1992 and 1993 (2 years after the snowshoe hare population decline). Rates of population change were negative from 1991 to 1993, when predation pressure was most intense after the snowshoe hare decline, and positive from 1993 to 1995, when hares and predators were at low densities. Predation accounted for 125 of 130 mortalities (96%) of radio-collared squirrels. Adult survival was significantly lower in 1992 and 1993 than in 1994 and 1995, and was a strong predictor of annual rates of population change in arctic ground squirrels. Treatments were ranked as follows in their effect on adult survival: predator exclosure + food-supplemented > food-supplemented > predator exclosure > controls. Juvenile survival was lowest in 1992, and food addition and predator removal separately increased juvenile survival. On average, predator exclusion increased population densities twofold, food supplementation increased densities fourfold, and food supplementation and predator removal together increased densities 10-fold. We conclude that food and predation interact to limit arctic ground squirrel populations in the boreal forest during the decline and low phases of the snowshoe hare cycle. The snowshoe hare cycle may indirectly create a lagged secondary fluctuation in arctic ground squirrel populations through shared cyclic predators. 1319 Résumé : Nous avons tenté de déterminer si les populations du Spermophile arctique du nord (Spermophilus parryii plesius) de la forêt boréale, au Yukon, Canada, sont régies par la nourriture, par les prédateurs ou par une combinaison des deux variables durant les phases de déclin et de faible densité du cycle du Lièvre d’Amérique. De 1990 à 1995, les populations ont été suivies au cours de manipulations expérimentales à grande échelle (1 km2). Les spermophiles ont été étudiés en huit parcelles de 9 ha : quatre parcelles témoins non manipulées, deux parcelles recevant de la nourriture additionnelle, une parcelle excluant les prédateurs et une parcelle sans prédateurs mais avec addition de nourriture additionnelle. La densité des populations mesuré dans toutes les parcelles par capture d’animaux vivants, et la survie au cours de la saison d’activité, par radio-télémétrie. C’est en 1992 et 1993 que les densités de population ont été le plus faibles (2 ans après le déclin des populations de lièvres). Les taux de changement dans les populations ont été négatifs de 1991 à 1993, alors que la pression de prédation était le plus intense après le déclin des populations de lièvres, et positifs de 1993 à 1995, durant les périodes de densité faible aussi bien chez les prédateurs que chez les lièvres. La prédation a été responsable de 125 des 130 cas de mortalité (96 %) des spermophiles porteurs d’émetteurs. La survie des adultes a été significativement plus faible en 1992 et 1993 qu’en 1994 ou 1995, et cette variable s’est avérée un bon indicateur des taux annuels de changement dans les populations de Spermophiles arctiques. Les traitements peuvent être classifiés dans l’ordre suivant d’après leurs effets sur la survie des adultes : exclusion des prédateurs + addition de nourriture additionnelle > nourriture additionnelle > exclusion des prédateurs > témoins. La survie chez les juvéniles a été minimale en 1992 et l’addition de nourriture et le retrait des prédateurs considérés séparément augmentaient la survie chez ce groupe. En moyenne, l’exclusion des prédateurs aboutissait à une augmentation de la densité de la population par un facteur de 2, l’addition de nourriture l’augmentait par un facteur de 4, et les deux ensemble l’augmentaient par un facteur de 10. Nous concluons que l’interaction de la nourriture et de la prédation limite les Can. J. Zool. 78: 1309–1319 (2000) © 2000 NRC Canada 1309 Received October 27, 1999. Accepted March 2, 2000. A.E. Byrom1 and C.J. Krebs. Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. T.J. Karels and R. Boonstra. Division of Life Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada. 1Author to whom all correspondence should be sent at the following address: Landcare Research, P.O. Box 69, Lincoln, New Zealand (e-mail: [email protected]). J:\cjz\cjz78\cjz-08\Z00-055.vp Friday, July 28, 2000 4:24:40 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen
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