Maternal–Fetal Transfer of Domoic Acid in Rats at Two Gestational Time Points

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Prenatal exposure to asymptomatic doses of domoic acid (DA) causes learning and memory deficits later in life; therefore, we sought to measure distribution of DA in maternal plasma and brain, prenatal brain, and amniotic fluid 1 hr after exposure, a time frame that normally encompasses acute seizure behavior. METHODS Pregnant rats were given a single intravenous dose of DA (0.6 or 1.6 mg/kg body weight) at either gestational day (GD) 13 or GD20, which correspond to the beginning of rat embryo neurogenesis and the last day of gestation, respectively. Using a direct ELISA, dose-dependent levels of DA were detected in each sample matrix tested. RESULTS An average of 6.6 and 14 ng DA/g brain tissue was found in GD13 and GD20 prenatal rats, respectively. Brain concentrations of DA in the GD13 prenates were identical to amniotic fluid levels, consistent with no restriction for DA to enter the GD13 prenatal brain. At GD20 the prenatal brain contained half the concentration of DA in the amniotic fluid, and was approximately half that found in the brain of the dams. After 1 hr, fetal brain and amniotic fluid contained between 1 and 5% of DA found in the maternal circulation. The amniotic fluid levels of DA in this study were also within the same range measured in stranded California sea lions that showed reproductive failure. CONCLUSIONS DA crosses the placenta, enters brain tissue of prenates, and accumulates in the amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid appears to be a useful fluid to monitor DA exposure.