Flux Measurements of Ammonia to Estimate Emission Factors for Area Sources

............................................................................................................................... 1 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................. 2 1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 6 1.1 Objectives......................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Fabric Denuders ................................................................................................ 8 2.0 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................ 11 2.1 Ammonia Removal by Fabric Denuders ........................................................ 11 2.2 Procedures for Ammonia Analysis from Fabric Denuders ............................. 12 2.2.1 Reagent Preparation ......................................................................... 12 2.2.2 Standards .......................................................................................... 12 2.2.3 Sample Analysis ............................................................................... 13 2.3 Passive Diffusion Denuder Construction ........................................................ 13 2.4 Passive Denuder Flow Testing........................................................................ 14 2.5 Site Selection................................................................................................... 15 2.5.1 Citrus Grove ..................................................................................... 15 2.5.2 Dairy Farm ....................................................................................... 16 2.5.3 Dairy Lagoon.................................................................................... 18 2.5.4 Pig Farm ........................................................................................... 18 2.5.5 Fertilized Field ................................................................................. 19 2.6 Collaboration with California State University, Fresno.................................. 21 2.7 Meteorological Data ........................................................................................ 21 2.8 Active Sampling.............................................................................................. 23 2.9 Sample Identification ...................................................................................... 25 3.0 Results .................................................................................................................. 27 3.1 Citrus Grove .................................................................................................... 28 3.2 Dairy Farm ...................................................................................................... 31 3.3 Dairy Lagoon................................................................................................... 37 3.4 Pig Farm .......................................................................................................... 46 3.5 Fertilized Field ................................................................................................ 51 4.0 Discussion .................................................................................................................. 61 4.1 Comparison of Collocated Passive Denuder Samples .................................... 61 4.2 Denuder Efficiency ......................................................................................... 61 4.3 Comparison Between Active and Passive Samplers ....................................... 62 4.4 Emission Factors ............................................................................................. 65 5.0 Summary and Conclusions....................................................................................... 67 6.0 Recommendations ..................................................................................................... 69 7.0 References .................................................................................................................. 70