Why does longleaf pine have low susceptibility to southern pine beetle?
نویسندگان
چکیده
Pine forests throughout the world are subject to disturbance from tree-killing bark beetles, but pine species differ in their susceptibilities. In the southeastern United States, Pinus palustris Mill. suffers far less mortality from the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, than do its sympatric congeners. We tested the commonly invoked hypothesis that P. palustris has relatively low susceptibility because it has higher oleoresin flow than other pines, especially Pinus taeda L. However, seven studies in three states over 6 years refuted the hypothesis that P. palustris and P. taeda differ in their constitutive resin flow or in their capacity to replace resin depleted by either experimental wounding or natural beetle attacks. Additionally, surveys of natural beetle attacks revealed that P. taeda and P. palustris were equally likely to be attacked and killed when they cooccurred in front of growing infestations. Thus, the relative susceptibility of these two species changes with the spatial scale at which they are mixed, and the strong landscape-scale pattern of low mortality in P. palustris is not because individual trees are physiologically less susceptible. Ultimately, the conspicuous differential impact of D. frontalis on P. taeda and P. palustris may be the product of coevolution between tree defenses and beetle behavior. Résumé : Partout à travers le monde, les forêts de pin sont sujettes aux perturbations causées par les scolytes qui tuent l’écorce des arbres mais les espèces de pin diffèrent en susceptibilité. Dans le sud-est des États-Unis, Pinus palustris Mill. subit beaucoup moins de mortalité due au dendroctone du pin, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, que ses congénères sympatriques. Nous avons testé l’hypothèse généralement invoquée voulant que la susceptibilité de P. palustris soit relativement faible à cause de ses écoulements d’oléorésine qui sont plus importants que ceux des autres pins, particulièrement Pinus taeda L. Cependant, sept études réalisées dans trois États sur une période de 6 ans ont réfuté l’hypothèse selon laquelle P. palustris diffère de P. taeda à propos de son écoulement naturel de résine ou de sa capacité à remplacer la résine qui a été épuisée soit par des blessures expérimentales, soit par des attaques naturelles de scolytes. De plus, les relevés d’attaques naturelles de dendroctone ont révélé que P. taeda et P. palustris avaient la même chance d’être attaqués et tués lorsqu’ils sont présents ensembles à l’avant d’un front d’infection en progression. Par conséquent, la susceptibilité relative de ces deux espèces change selon l’échelle spatiale à laquelle elles sont mélangées et la forte tendance, à l’échelle du paysage, à une faible mortalité chez P. palustris n’est pas due au fait que les arbres soient physiologiquement moins susceptibles. Ultimement, la différence évidente d’impact de D. frontalis chez P. taeda et P. palustris pourrait être le résultat de la coévolution entre les mécanismes de défense des arbres et le comportement des scolytes. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
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