A tetradic analysis of GIS and society using McLuhan’s law of the media
نویسندگان
چکیده
The social implications of GIS have been debated over the past five years among scholars in several disciplines. GIS have been either conceived by practitioners as value-free, neutral tools for problemsolving or castigated by critical social theorists as socially biased technologies serving only corporate and state interests. Neither of these polarized views is very helpful in understanding the complex relationship between GIS and society. This paper argues that GIS are increasingly becoming media for communicating various crucial social and environmental information to the general public. By reconceptualizing GIS as media, the paper conducts a detailed tetradic analysis on the social implications of GIS using Marshall McLuhan’s law of media. The analysis reveals the paradoxical and ambivalent nature of GIS technology. To make GIS fulfill democratic ideals in society, this paper calls for a shift of perspective, from viewing them as instruments for problem-solving to viewing them as media for communication. This shift from instrumental to communicative rationality enables us to examine more critically and holistically how space, people and environment have been represented, manipulated and visualized in GIS and thus promotes a more critical and democratic GIS practice. Les implications sociales des SIG ont fait l’objet d’un débat au cours des cinq dernières années entre les érudits de plusieurs disciplines. Les SIG furent conçus par des praticiens comme des instruments neutres, non chargés de valeurs, pour la résolution de problèmes, maisils ont été sévèrement critiqués par des théoriciens sociaux comme étant des technologies socialement partiales, qui ne servent que les intérêts des grandes entreprises et de l’État. Aucun de ces deux points de vue contrastés n’est d’une grande utilité pour la compréhension des rapportscomplexes entre les SIG et la société. Cet article soutient que les SIG deviennent de plus en plus unmoyen de communiquer au grand public des informations fondamentales sur la société et l’environnement. En redéfinissant les SIG comme un instrument médiatique, cet article conduit une analyse tétradique sur leurs implications sociales sur la base de l’application de la loi des médias de Marshall McLuhan. L’analyse expose la nature paradoxale et ambivalente de la technologie des SIG. Pour que les SIG puissent aider à réaliser les idéaux démocratiques dans la société, cet article demande un changement de perspective, afin de les envisager moins comme des instruments pour la résolution de problèmes et plus comme des formes de communication. Ce changement de raison d’être, d’un instrument à une forme de communication, nous permet de réaliser un examen plus critique et holistique de la façon dont l’espace, les personnes et l’environnement ont été représentés, manipulés et visualisés dans les SIG. II favorise ainsi une application plus critique et plus démocratique des SIG.
منابع مشابه
The Media and the Messages of Location-Based Services (LBS): Death of Distance or the Revenge of Geography?
This paper reconceptualizes LBS as new media. By doing so, a synthetic framework based upon Marshall McLuhan’s laws of the media is developed. The media and messages of LBS are discussed through a preliminary tetradic analysis. The paper concludes by arguing that the way to cope with the paradoxes of technological innovations is a major challenge in the information age.
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