Seasonal variation in male testosterone levels in a tropical bird with yearround territoriality
نویسندگان
چکیده
Testosterone is important in mediating investment in competing activities such as territoriality, parental care, and maintenance behavior. Most studies of testosterone function have focused on temperate species and less is known about the role of testosterone in territoriality or variation in mating systems of tropical species. Results of studies of tropical species with year-round territoriality indicate that territorial aggression during the non-breeding season is maintained with low levels of testosterone, and increased levels of testosterone in males during the breeding season may increase mating opportunities or aid in competition for mates. We studied seasonal variation in testosterone levels of male Red-throated Ant-tanagers (Habia fuscicauda), a socially monogamous species with year-round territoriality and with high levels of extra-pair matings (41% of young), to determine if testosterone levels increased during the breeding season. We captured males during the non-breeding and breeding seasons and collected blood samples for hormone analysis. We found that mean testosterone concentrations were low during the non-breeding season (0.18 ± 0.05 [SD] ng/ml, range = 0.11–0.31 ng/ml), and significantly higher during the breeding season (2.37 ± 2.47 ng/ml, range = 0.14–6.28 ng/ml). Testosterone levels of breeding males were not related to aggression levels as measured by attack rates toward a stuffed decoy or singing rates during simulated territorial intrusions. These results suggest that the higher testosterone levels of breeding male Red-throated Anttanagers may be important in an extra-pair mating context, possibly in display behavior or mate attraction, but additional study is needed to clarify the role of testosterone during the breeding season. RESUMEN. Variación estacional en los niveles de testosterona en un ave tropical con defensa territorial todo el año La testosterona es importante en la mediación de la inversión en actividades de competencia como la defensa del territorio, cuidado parental y la conducta de mantenimiento. La mayoŕıa de los estudios, sobre el funcionamiento de la testosterona, ha enfocado en especies de la zona templada y se sabe poco sobre el rol de esta en la territorialidad o la variación en los sistemas de apareamiento de especies tropicales. El resultado de estudios de especies tropicales, que defienden su territorio todo el año, indican que la agresión territorial, fuera de la época de reproducción, se mantiene con niveles bajos de testosterona y que el incremento en los niveles de esta (en machos), durante la época de reproducción puede incrementar las oportunidades de apareamiento o ayudar en la competencia por parejas. Estudiamos la variación estacional en los niveles de testosterona en Habia fuscicauda, una especie social y monógama que mantiene un territorio a través del año y con altos niveles de copulación extra-pareja (41% de los hijos), para determinar si los niveles en testosterona aumentaban durante la época de reproducción. Capturamos machos durante y fuera de la época de reproducción y le tomamos muestras de sangre para analizar los niveles de testosterona. Encontramos que la concentración promedio de testosterona fue baja durante la época no reproductiva ((0.18 ± 0.05 [SD] ng/ml, alcance = 0.11–0.31 ng/ml), y significativamente más alta durante el periodo de reproducción (2.37± 2.47 ng/ml, alcance= 0.14–6.28 ng/ml). Los niveles de testosterona de machos reproductivos no estuvieron relacionados con los niveles de agresión, medidos como la tasa de ataques a señuelos o tasas de cantos durante la simulación de intrusiones territoriales. Estos resultados sugieren que el incremento en los niveles de testosterona de los machos reproductivos de la tangara estudiada pudieran ser importantes en conseguir copular con otras hembras que no son sus parejas, posiblemente en la conducta exhibida o en la atracción de parejas prospectivas, pero se necesitan otros estudios para dejar claro el rol de la testosterona durante la época reproductiva.
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