A new parrot from the Miocene of Germany, with com- ments on the variation of hypotarsus morphology in some Psittaciformes

A new taxon of parrot (Psittaciformes) is described from the Middle Miocene of Southern Germany. Bavaripsitta ballmanni gen. et sp. n. is known from an almost complete tarsometatarsus which resembles the corresponding bone of some small Psittaculini (Polytelis, Alisterus) and Platycercini (e.g., Psephotus spp.) in general shape and morphology. Although the new taxon cannot be assigned to any of the modern groups of parrots, together with other fossil specimens it shows that there was a considerable diversity of parrots in the Lower and Middle Miocene of the Old World. Our study further provides the first detailed survey on the variation of hypotarsus morphology within extant Psittaciformes. A derived hypotarsal structure is described that supports monophyly of a clade including the genera Psephotus, Eunymphicus, Cyanoramphus, Northiella, Prosopeia, Barnardius, Platycercus, and Melopsittacus, to the exclusion of Neophema and Neopsephotus (all Platycercini). Also well characterized by a derived morphology of the hypotarsus are Loriinae and Cyclopsittacini. A shared derived hypotarsal morphology may further support sister group relationship between Agapornis and Loriculus (Psittaculini).