Impact of insects damaging seed cones of cypress , Cupressus sempervirens , in natural stands and plantations of southeastern Europe
نویسندگان
چکیده
A total of 18 stands of Cupressus sempervireus L. (Cupressaceae) were surveyed in the natural Greek range (plus one stand in Turkey) during 1994-1996 in order to identify the pests of seed cones and assess their impact on seed survival. Naturalised stands of mainland Greece, Albania and Malta were sampled for comparison. The cone entomofauna (seven insect and one mite species) did not differ between the native and introduced ranges of cypress. A tortricid, Pseudococcyx tessulatana (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) and a mite, Trisetacus juniperinus (Acari:Nalepellidae), were the most damaging pests because they usually killed cones during the growth period. A more intensive survey of damage together with cone development in four Greek stands showed that only 11-37 % of the initial cones survived until maturity. The seed crop decreased by 78-95 %. Pests, predominantly tortricid larvae, mites and Orsillus seed bugs (Hemiptera:Lygaeidae), were responsible for 41-84 % of that decrease according to the stand. (© Inra/Elsevier, Paris.) Cupressus sempervirens / insect pests/ cone/ seed / Greece Résumé Impact des ravageurs des cônes et graines de cyprès, Cupressus sempervirens, dans des peuplements naturels et plantations du sud-est de l’Europe. Un total de 18 peuplements de Cupressus sempervirens L. (Cupressaceae) ont été échantillonnés en 1994-1995 dans l’aire naturelle grecque (plus un peuplement en Turquie) de l’essence en vue d’identifier les ravageurs des cônes et graines et estimer leur impact sur la survie des graines. Des peuplements naturalisés ont été étudiés pour comparaison en Grèce, en Albanie et dans l’île de Malte. Aucune différence d’entomofaune (sept espèces d’insectes et un acarien) n’a été constatée entre l’aire naturelle et les zones d’introduction du cyprès. La tordeuse Pseudococcyx tessulatana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) et l’acarien Trisetacus juniperinus (Acari : Nalepellidae) constituaient les ravageurs les plus importants, leur attaque induisant la disparition des cônes durant la période de croissance. Un inventaire de l’évolution des dégâts d’insectes au cours du développement des cônes dans quatre sites de Grèce a montré que seulement 11 à 37 % des cônes de départ atteignaient la maturité. La production de graines a diminué de 78 à 95 % par rapport au potentiel de départ. Les ravageurs, principalement les chenilles de tordeuses, les acariens, et les punaises Orsillus spp. (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), ont été responsables de 41 à 84 % de cette diminution. (© Inra/Elsevier, Paris.) Cupressus sempervirens / insectes ravageurs / cône/ graines / Grèce * Correspondence and reprints [email protected]
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