No-take marine reserves can enhance population persistence and support the fishery of abalone
نویسندگان
چکیده
A critical aspect in the design of a marine reserve (MR) network is its spatial configuration (i.e., the number, size, and spacing of the individual reserves), particularly how these features influence the effect on fisheries. Here, we derived a sizebased, spatially explicit, stochastic demographic model to explore how different spatial configurations of MR networks can affect abundance and commercial yield of the green abalone (Haliotis fulgens), taking as a reference case the abalone fishery of Isla Natividad in Baja California Sur (Mexico). Our analysis suggests that a network of MRs can have a positive effect on abalone population abundance and a slightly negative effect on fishery output with respect to traditional maximum sustainable yield (MSY; i.e., with no reserves). Simulations show that maximum catches achievable with MRs are, under the best configuration, 2%–14% lower than traditional MSY depending on the total fraction of the fishing grounds protected. In the case of overexploitation, long-term yields can increase following the implementation of MRs. In addition, in the presence of MRs, abundances and yields are much less sensitive to systematic errors in the enforcement of the optimal harvesting rate compared with situations in which MRs are not present. Given the limited dispersal ability of the species, the best outcomes in terms of fishery output would be achieved with very small reserves — around 100 m wide — so to maximize larval export in the fishable areas. Our results indicate appropriately designed MR networks are an effective strategy for meeting both conservation and economic goals under uncertainty.While the size of the existing reserves in Isla Natividad seems adequate to protect the abalone stock, smaller reserves could maximize fishery benefits, although this poses challenges for enforcement. Résumé : Un aspect clé de la conception d’un réseau de réserves marines (RM) est sa configuration spatiale, soit le nombre, la taille et l’espacement des différentes réserves, en particulier l’influence de ces caractéristiques sur l’incidence du réseau sur les pêches. Nous avons mis au point un modèle démographique stochastique spatialement explicite et basé sur la taille pour explorer l’incidence de diverses configurations spatiales de réseaux de RM sur l’abondance et le rendement commercial de l’haliotide verte (Haliotis fulgens), en utilisant comme scénario de référence la pêche aux haliotides d’Isla Navidad, en BasseCalifornie du Sud (Mexique). Notre analyse donne à penser qu’un réseau de RM peut avoir un effet positif sur l’abondance de la population d’haliotides et un effet légèrement négatif sur la production de la pêche par rapport auMSY traditionnel (c.-à-d., sans réserve). Les simulations montrent que les prises maximums possibles en présence de MR sont, dans la meilleure configuration, d’environ 2 % à 14 % inférieures au MSY traditionnel, tout dépendant de la proportion cumulative protégée des zones de pêche. Dans le scénario de surexploitation, les rendements à long terme peuvent augmenter après la mise en place des RM. De plus, en présence de RM, les abondances et rendements sont beaucoup moins sensibles aux erreurs systématiques dans l’application du taux de prises optimal par rapport aux situations desquelles les RM sont absentes. Étant donné la faible capacité de dispersion de l’espèce, les meilleurs résultats en termes de production de la pêche pourraient être obtenus avec de très petites réserves — d’environ 100mde largeur— afin demaximiser l’exportation de larves vers les zones ouvertes à la pêche. Nos résultats indiquent que des réseaux de RM bien conçus constituent une stratégie efficace pour atteindre des objectifs économiques et de conservation dans un contexte d’incertitude. Si la taille des réserves existantes à Isla Navidad semble adéquate pour protéger le stock d’haliotides, de plus petites réserves pourraient maximiser les bénéfices pour la pêche, mais poseraient toutefois des défis en ce qui concerne leur application. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
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