Acoustic Detection of Coronary Occlusions before and after Stent Placement Using an Electronic Stethoscope

More than 370,000 Americans die every year from coronary artery disease (CAD). Early detection and treatment are crucial to reducing this number. Current diagnostic and disease-monitoring methods are invasive, costly, and time-consuming. Using an electronic stethoscope and spectral and nonlinear dynamics analysis of the recorded heart sound, we investigated the acoustic signature of CAD in subjects with only a single coronary occlusion before and after stent placement, as well as subjects with clinically normal coronary arteries. The CAD signature was evaluated by estimating power ratios of the total power above 150 Hz over the total power below 150 Hz of the FFT of the acoustic signal. Additionally, approximate entropy values were estimated to assess the differences induced by the stent placement procedure to the acoustic signature of the signals in the time domain. The groups were identified with this method with 82% sensitivity and 64% specificity (using the power ratio method) and 82% sensitivity and 55% specificity (using the approximate entropy). Power ratios and approximate entropy values after stent placement are not statistically different from those estimated from subjects with no coronary occlusions. Our approach demonstrates that the effect of stent placement on coronary occlusions can be monitored using an electronic stethoscope.