Mechanisms of pulsed laser ablation of biological tissues.

1. Ablation Threshold 612 2. Ablation Enthalpy 613 3. Ablation Efficiency 613 C. Mechanistic Models 613 1. Steady-State Vaporization Models 614 2. Thermomechanical Models 614 D. Molecular Dynamics Simulations 615 VIII. UV and IR Ablation 615 A. Tissue Absorption Coefficients 615 B. Ablation without Stress Confinement 617 1. Temperature Rise and Thermal Diffusion 617 2. Kinetics of Tissue Decomposition 618 3. Material Ejection 618 C. Ablation with Stress Confinement 620 1. Reduction of the Ablation Threshold 621 2. Kinetics of Tissue Decomposition and Material Ejection 621