Automated Drawing of Metro Maps
نویسندگان
چکیده
This diploma thesis investigates the problem of drawing metro maps which is defined as follows. Given a planar graph G of maximum degree 8 with its embedding and vertex locations (e.g. the physical location of the tracks and stations of a metro system) and a set L of paths or cycles in G (e.g. metro lines) such that each edge of G belongs to at least one element of L, draw G and L nicely. We first specify the niceness of a drawing by listing a number of hard and soft constraints. Then we show that it is NP-complete to decide whether a drawing of G satisfying all hard constraints exists. In spite of the hardness of the problem we present a mixed-integer linear program (MIP) which always finds a drawing that fulfills all hard constraints (if such a drawing exists) and optimizes a weighted sum of costs corresponding to the soft constraints. We also describe some heuristics that speed up the MIP and we show how to include vertex labels in the drawing. We have implemented the MIP, the heuristics and the vertex labeling. For six real-world examples we compare our results to official metro maps drawn by graphic designers and to the results of previous algorithms for drawing metro maps. Zusammenfassung Diese Diplomarbeit untersucht das Problem des automatischen Zeichnens von UBahn-Linienplänen, das folgendermaßen definiert ist. Gegeben sei ein planar eingebetteter Graph G mit Maximalgrad 8 und Knotenpositionen (z.B. den tatsächlichen Positionen von Schienen und Haltestellen eines U-Bahn-Systems) sowie eine Menge L von Pfaden und Kreisen in G (z.B. den U-Bahn-Linien), so dass jede Kante von G auf mindestens einem Pfad oder Kreis aus L liegt. Das Ziel besteht darin, G und L schön zu zeichnen. Zunächst werden harte und weiche Bedingungen für eine schöne Zeichnung angegeben. Wir zeigen dann, dass es NP-vollständig ist zu entscheiden, ob eine Zeichnung für G existiert, die alle harten Bedingungen erfüllt. Trotz der Schwere des Problems beschreiben wir ein gemischt-ganzzahliges lineares Programm, das eine Zeichnung findet, die alle harten Bedingungen erfüllt (falls denn eine solche existiert) und eine gewichtete Summe von Kosten, die den weichen Kriterien entsprechen, optimiert. Außerdem geben wir Heuristiken zur Beschleunigung des gemischt-ganzzahligen Programms an und zeigen, wie sich Knotenbeschriftungen in der Zeichnung realisieren lassen. Das Modell, die Heuristiken und die Beschriftung wurden implementiert. Anhand einiger Beispiele vergleichen wir die Resultate unseres Verfahrens sowohl mit offiziellen, von Grafikdesignern erstellten U-Bahn-Linienplänen als auch mit den Ergebnissen von früheren Arbeiten zu diesem Thema. Acknowledgements First of all, I want to thank Alexander Wolff for pointing me to the interesting topic of metro-map layouts and for giving me great support during my work on this thesis. I also thank the whole algorithmics group of Dorothea Wagner for the pleasant atmosphere that I enjoyed. I thank Damian Merrick, Sebastian Spitzer, and Jonathan Stott for helping me to find real-world data for the experiments. But just as much I want to express my gratitude to my fiancée Nicole for her love and encouragement during the last years and to my parents for their support of my studies.
منابع مشابه
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