Ecosystem modeling of methane and carbon dioxide fluxes for boreal forest sites

نویسندگان

  • Christopher Potter
  • Jill Bubier
  • Patrick Crill
  • Peter Lafleur
چکیده

Predicted daily fluxes from an ecosystem model for water, carbon dioxide, and methane were compared with 1994 and 1996 Boreal Ecosystem–Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) field measurements at sites dominated by old black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) (OBS) and boreal fen vegetation near Thompson, Man. Model settings for simulating daily changes in water table depth (WTD) for both sites were designed to match observed water levels, including predictions for two microtopographic positions (hollow and hummock) within the fen study area. Water run-on to the soil profile from neighboring microtopographic units was calibrated on the basis of daily snowmelt and rainfall inputs to reproduce BOREAS site measurements for timing and magnitude of maximum daily WTD for the growing season. Model predictions for daily evapotranspiration rates closely track measured fluxes for stand water loss in patterns consistent with strong controls over latent heat fluxes by soil temperature during nongrowing season months and by variability in relative humidity and air temperature during the growing season. Predicted annual net primary production (NPP) for the OBS site was 158 g C·m–2 during 1994 and 135 g C·m–2 during 1996, with contributions of 75% from overstory canopy production and 25% from ground cover production. Annual NPP for the wetter fen site was 250 g C·m–2 during 1994 and 270 g C·m–2 during 1996. Predicted seasonal patterns for soil CO2 fluxes and net ecosystem production of carbon both match daily average estimates at the two sites. Model results for methane flux, which also closely match average measured flux levels of –0.5 mg CH4·m –2·day–1 for OBS and 2.8 mg CH4·m –2·day–1 for fen sites, suggest that spruce areas are net annual sinks of about –0.12 g CH4·m –2, whereas fen areas generate net annual emissions on the order of 0.3–0.85 g CH4·m –2, depending mainly on seasonal WTD and microtopographic position. Fen hollow areas are predicted to emit almost three times more methane during a given year than fen hummock areas. The validated model is structured for extrapolation to regional simulations of interannual trace gas fluxes over the entire North America boreal forest, with integration of satellite data to characterize properties of the land surface. Potter et al. 223 Résumé : Les flux quotidiens prédits par un modèle écosystémique pour l’eau, le dioxyde de carbone et le méthane ont été comparés aux mesures prises sur le terrain en 1994 et 1996 dans le cadre de l’étude de l’atmosphère et de l’écosystème boréal (BOREAS) dans des sites dominés soit par un vieux peuplement d’épinette noire (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP), soit par une végétation de fen boréal et situés près de Thompson, au Manitoba. Les paramètres du modèle utilisé pour simuler les variations quotidiennes de la profondeur de la nappe phréatique pour les deux sites ont été ajustés pour correspondre aux niveaux d’eau observés, incluant les prévisions pour deux positions micro-topographiques (dépressions et hummocks) dans la zone d’étude de trouvant dans le fen. L’arrivée d’eau dans le profil de sol en provenance des unités micro-topographiques avoisinantes a été calibrée sur la base des apports quotidiens dus à la pluie ou à la fonte de la neige, afin de reproduire les mesures prises sur le site de BOREAS concernant le moment et l’ampleur de la profondeur quotidienne maximale de la nappe phréatique pendant la saison de croissance. Les prédictions du modèle pour le taux quotidien d’évapotranspiration suivent de très près les flux mesurés de perte d’eau du peuplement dont le comportement est consistant avec de forts contrôles sur les flux de chaleur latente par la température du sol durant les mois de dormance et par la variabilité de l’humidité relative et de la température de l’air pendant la saison de croissance. Dans le site dominé par l’épinette noire, le modèle a prédit une production primaire nette annuelle de 158 g C·m–2 en 1994 et de 135 g C·m–2 en 1996 qui provient dans des proportions de 75% du couvert de l’étage dominant et de 25% de la végétation au sol. La production primaire nette annuelle dans le site plus humide de fen atteignait respectivement 250 et 270 g C·m–2 en 1994 et 1996. Les patrons saisonniers prédits par le modèle pour les flux de CO2 dans le sol et la production nette de carbone par l’écosystème étaient comparables aux estimés de la moyenne journalière dans les deux sites. Les résultats du modèle pour le flux de méthane, qui sont très près des niveaux moyens qui ont été mesurés soit –0,5 mg CH4·m –2·jour–1 pour le site dominé par l’épinette et 2,8 mg CH4·m –2·jour–1 pour le fen, suggèrent que les zones occupées par l’épinette noire sont des puits avec une valeur annuelle nette de –0,12 g CH4·m –2 tandis que les zones occupées par le fen génèrent des émissions annuelles nettes de l’ordre de 0,3 à 0,85 g CH4·m –2, Can. J. For. Res. 31: 208–223 (2001) © 2001 NRC Canada 208 DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-31-2-208 Received April 10, 2000. Accepted November 8, 2000. Published on the NRC Research Press website on February 2, 2001. C. Potter.1 NASA, Ames Research Center, Ecosystem Science and Technology Branch, Moffett Field, CA 94035, U.S.A. J. Bubier. Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075, U.S.A P. Crill. University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, U.S.A. P. Lafleur. Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada. 1Corresponding author. e-mail: [email protected] I:\cjfr\cjfr31\cjfr-02\X00-164.vp Monday, January 29, 2001 4:52:59 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen

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تاریخ انتشار 2001