Unity among Environmentalists ? Debating the Values - Policy Link in Environmental Ethics
نویسنده
چکیده
Environmental ethics emerged from the thickets of applied philosophy in the early 1970s as a rebuke to anthropocentrism, the humancentered outlook embedded within the Western ethical system. The anthropocentric worldview was singled out by the fi rst generation of environmental phi loso phers for its failure to extend the boundaries of moral considerability— and the attribution of intrinsic value—to nonhumans (including animals and plants) and to larger ecological communities. These new nonanthropocentric phi los o phers argued that the mainstream ethical traditions of the West—for example, Kantian ethics, utilitarianism, virtue ethics, and so forth—were not only insuffi cient as foundations for a new environmental ethic but also philosophically hostile to developing a more respectful relationship to nature. The conventional ethical theories, they argued, only considered human interests and harms worth recognizing. Nature itself was accorded only instrumental value; it was not deemed worthy of direct moral concern. One of the earliest expressions of the desire to launch a new nonanthropocentric ethics of the environment appeared in a 1973 essay published by New Zealand phi los o pher Richard Routley, “Is There a Need for a New, an Environmental Ethic?”1 There, Routley (who later changed his name to Sylvan) introduced what has since been referred to as the “last man” scenario, which he proposed as a kind of moral litmus test to separate the anthropocentrists 1 BEN A. MINTEER
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