Introduction bias: Cultivated alien plant species germinate raster and more abundantly than native species in Switzerland
نویسندگان
چکیده
Traits that differ between invasive alien and native plant species are frequently interpreted as traits conferring invasiveness. However. such dilferences could reHect an introduction bias of alien species, particularly clllLivated ones, 01' hllman-medialed selection of cultivars of these species with certain traits. We tested whether this is the case for germination characteristics that are frequently reported to be associated with invasiveness . In a glasshouse experiment, we compared germination characteristics of 42 plant species native to Switzerland and 47 cultivated alien species incJuding 26 cultivars. To test whether differences in germination between these groups of species depend on an important environmental factor, we used two light levels . Cultivated alien plant species germinated earlier and more successfully than related native plant species under both light conditions. Similarly, among cultivated alien species, cultivars germinated earlier and with higher proportions than non-cultivars. Our results indicate that previously reported differences in germination characteristics between invasive alien and native species might rellect introduclion bias and human-mediatcd selection for these characteristics. Nevertheless, because fast and abundant germination is also frequently associated with naturalization and invasiveness among alien introduced species, our results suggest that biased introduction and human-mediated selection of ornamental plants with these characteristics might increase the risk that these species ultimately become invasive. Therefore, it is important that studies testing for determinants of invasiveness incJude non-invasive alien species in addition to invasive alien species. Zusammenfassung Merkmalsunterschiede zwischen invasivcn gebietsfremden und heimischen PHanzenarten werden oft dahingehend interpretiert, dass sie Invasionen ermöglichen. Allerdings könnten diese Unterschiede auch auf selektiver Einführung und Selektion von gebietsfremden Arten, insbesondere Zierpllanzenarten oder Kulturvarietäten mit di esen Eigenschaften beruhen. Wir untersuchten , ob dies für Keimungseigenschaften, die oft mit Invasivität verbunden werden, der Fall ist. In einem Gewächshausexperiment verglichen wir die Keimungseigenschaften von 42 in der Schweiz heimischen Arten und 47 gebietsfremden Zierpflanzenarten, darunter 26 Kulturvarietäten. Um zu testen, ob Keimungsunterschiede zwischen Zierpflanzenarten und heimischen Arten von einem wichtigen Umweltfaktor abhängig sind, nutzten wir zwei unterschiedliche Lichtintensitäten. Gebietsfremde Zierpllanzenarten keimten im Vergleich zu heimischen Arten früher und mit höheren Keimungsraten unter beiden Lichtintensitätcn. Von elen ZierpflanzenarteIl keimten die Kulturvarietäten frUher und mit höheren Keimungsraten. Unsere *Corresponding author. Tel.: +410316314938; fax: +410316314942. E-mail address:[email protected] (T. Chrobock). I Present address: Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10,0 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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