Application of turbulence models to equilibrium boundary layers under adverse pressure gradient

Four classes of turbulence models (algebraic, k − , k − ω and a differential Reynolds-stress model) are applied to boundary layers under adverse pressure gradient with a constant equilibrium parameter β = δ * τ w dp dx. Numerical solutions up to Re θ = 10 8 give the classical scalings in the inner and outer layer for all models. Comparison is made with experiments of Clauser at β ≈ 2 and 8 and with recent experiments by Skåre and Krogstad at β = 20. We have also performed new direct numerical simulations at β ≈ 0.25 and 0.65 up to Re θ = 700. The differential Reynolds-stress model shows the best agreement with the experiments and the DNS.