Pine cones facilitate ignition of forest floor duff

نویسنده

  • Jesse K. Kreye
چکیده

The ignition and combustion of forest floor duff are poorly understood yet have been linked to soil heating and overstory tree mortality in many temperate coniferous forests. Research to date has focused on the characteristics of duff that facilitate ignition and spread, including fuel moisture, mineral content, and depth. Field observations suggest that the presence of pine cones on and within the forest floor might facilitate ignition of intermixed forest floor fuels. We investigated the effect of cone fuel additions on the ignition of underlying forest floor from fuels collected in long-unburned longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) forests in northern Florida, USA. Fuels were wetted to threshold gravimetric moisture contents to evaluate the relative effect on ignition. In stark contrast to fuel beds without cones, in which duff ignition only occurred in 17% of samples, those with cones added ignited the underlying duff 94% of the time. Flame heights were 40% taller and flaming duration was 47% longer in fuel beds with cones. Where present, pine cones act as vectors of ignition for forest floor fuels, and their role in fires deserves more attention to enhance our understanding of forest floor combustion. Résumé : Bien qu'on sache peu de choses au sujet de l'allumage et de la combustion de l'humus dans la couverture morte, le réchauffement du sol et la mortalité des arbres de l'étage dominant ont été mis en cause dans plusieurs forêts de conifères tempérées. À ce jour, la recherche s'est concentrée sur les caractéristiques de l'humus qui facilitent l'allumage et la propagation, incluant la teneur en humidité, la teneur en minéraux et l'épaisseur des combustibles. Les observations sur le terrain indiquent que la présence de cônes de pin dans la couverture morte et en surface pourrait faciliter l'allumage du mélange de combustibles dans la couverture morte. Nous avons étudié l'effet de l'ajout de cônes en tant que combustible sur l'allumage de la couverture morte sous-jacente à l'aide de combustibles prélevés dans les forêts de pin des marais (Pinus palustris Mill.) qui n'ont pas brûlé depuis longtemps dans le nord de la Floride, aux États-Unis. Les combustibles ont été humidifiés jusqu'au seuil de saturation selon la teneur en eau gravimétrique pour évaluer l'effet relatif sur l'allumage. Contrastant nettement avec les lits de combustibles exempts de cônes dans lesquels l'allumage de l'humus est survenu dans seulement 17 % des échantillons, l'allumage de l'humus sous-jacent s'est produit 94 % du temps dans ceux qui contenaient des cônes. Les flammes étaient 40 % plus hautes et la durée de l'embrasement 47 % plus longue dans les lits de combustibles contenant des cônes. Où ils sont présents, les cônes de pin agissent comme vecteurs d'allumage des combustibles dans la couverture morte et leur rôle en lien avec les feux mérite d'être davantage étudié afin d'améliorer notre compréhension de la combustion de la couverture morte. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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تاریخ انتشار 2013