Preface to the First Edition
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چکیده
Contaminant Geochemistry: Interactions and Transport in the Subsurface Environment combines the earth science fields of subsurface hydrology and environmental geochemistry and aims to provide a comprehensive background for students and researchers interested in protection and sustainable management of the subsurface environment. This book focuses on the upper part of the earth’s crust, covering the region between the land surface and the groundwater zone; anthropogenic contamination occurs primarily in this well-defined geosystem. Water and land are limited natural resources, and it is incumbent on humankind to manage knowledge and technology in a way that avoids, or at least minimizes, deterioration of these resources. In this context, an understanding of the interactions between subsurface components (solid, liquid, and gaseous phases) and chemical contaminants is required. Because the subsurface is an open system, contaminants may be transported, transformed, and redistributed in the subsurface under a variety of environmental influences. Contaminant interactions in the subsurface are subject to continuous changes, being affected by fluctuations in climatic conditions (particularly precipitation) and microbiological activity. Additionally, these interactions are controlled by the structure and properties of the earth materials, the molecular properties of the contaminants, and the hydrogeology of each specific location. As a consequence, a multidisciplinary approach is fundamental to understanding the governing processes. Because our book was conceived for readers with different backgrounds, we devote Part I to revisiting aspects of classical geochemistry, focusing on the constituents of subsurface water and earth materials (Chapter 1) and selected processes related to potential interactions between subsurface liquid and solid phases with toxic chemicals (Chapter 2). Part II is an overview of potential subsurface contaminants of anthropogenic origin; properties of these chemicals are described together with their environmental hazards. Chapter 3 is devoted to inorganic chemicals, while the characteristics and hazards of organic toxic chemicals are presented in Chapter 4. The retention of contaminants in the subsurface, controlled by properties of both chemicals and subsurface constituents as well as contaminant partitioning among the solid, aqueous, and gaseous phases, are the focus of Part III. Chapter 5 deals with the sorption, retention, and release of contaminants, while Chapters 6
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