Running title: PKA and Epac-1 in PGE2 inhibition of fibroblasts Prostaglandin E2 Inhibits Specific Lung Fibroblast Functions Via Selective Actions of PKA and Epac-1

Via their capacities for proliferation and synthesis of matrix proteins such as collagen, fibroblasts are key effectors in the pathogenesis of fibrotic disorders such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) potently inhibits these functions in lung fibroblasts through receptor ligation and production of the second messenger cAMP, but the downstream pathways mediating such actions have not been fully characterized. We sought to investigate the roles of the cAMP effectors protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange protein activated by cAMP-1 (Epac-1) in modulating these two functions in primary human fetal lung IMR-90 fibroblasts. The specific roles of these two effector pathways were examined by treating cells with PKA-specific (6-bnzcAMP) and Epac-specific (8-pCPT-2’-O-Me-cAMP) agonists, inhibiting PKA with the inhibitor KT 5720, overexpressing the PKA catalytic subunit, and silencing Epac-1 using short hairpin RNA. PGE2 inhibition of collagen I expression was mediated exclusively by activation of PKA while inhibition of fibroblast proliferation was mediated exclusively by activation of Epac-1. PGE2 and Epac-1 inhibited cell proliferation through activation of the small GTPase Rap1, since decreasing Rap1 activity by transfection with Rap1GAP or the dominant negative Rap1N17 prevented, and transfection with the constitutively active Rap1V12 mimicked, the antiproliferative effects of PGE2. On the other hand, PKA inhibition of collagen was dependent on inhibition of protein kinase C-δ. The selective utilization of PKA and Epac-1 pathways to inhibit distinct aspects of fibroblast activation illustrate the pleiotropic ability of PGE2 to inhibit diverse fibroblast functions.