Sophistication Techniques of Fourth Generations in Neoteric Mobile LTE and LTE-Advanced

The specifications for LTE are produced by the Third Generation Partnership Project [1], in the same way as the specifications for UMTS and GSM. They are organized into releases, where each of which contains a stable and clearly defined set of features. The use of releases allows equipment manufacturers to build devices using some or all of the features of earlier releases, while 3GPP continues to add new features to the system in a later release. Within each release, the specifications progress through a number of different versions. New functionality can be added to successive versions until the date when the release is frozen, after which the only changes involve refinement of the technical details, corrections and clarifications [2]. Table 1 lists the releases that 3GPP have used since the introduction of UMTS, together with the most important features of each release. Note that the numbering scheme was changed after Release 99, so that later releases are numbered from 4 through to 11 (LTE-A).