Hypertensive Cardiovascular and Renal Disease and Target Organ Damage: Lessons from Animal Models.
نویسندگان
چکیده
This brief review discusses some aspects of hypertensive damage to the kidneys and cardiovascular system. A comparison of renal and cardiac manifestations of hypertensive disease between results of clinical and experimental studies was made, with a major focus on the possible role of salt and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in inducing target organ damage. Thus, some degree of renal impairment is often present in patients with essential hypertension, varying from microalbuminuria to end-stage renal disease, whereas in rats with spontaneous hypertension only slight renal damage is seen in old rats with little evidence of renal failure. Since renal damage in hypertensive rats is induced when they are exposed to increased salt intake, we suggested that salt may also account for kidney injury in hypertensive patients. Similarly, cardiac damage is aggravated in hypertensive human beings and rats when given salt excess. We further presented evidence that the RAS may mediate adverse cardiac and renal effects of excessive salt intake. Finally, we also discussed some aspects of the cardiovascular physiology in the giraffe, the only mammal that in comparison with the human being has extremely high pressure at the level of the heart and kidneys but no target organ damage.
منابع مشابه
Phenotyping the microcirculation.
The role of the microcirculation is increasingly being recognized in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. The microcirculation is a major site of damage in most target organs of cardiovascular disease, such as the heart, brain, and kidney. Both functional and structural alterations in the small arteries, arterioles, and capillaries are the basis of target organ damage. Furthermore, th...
متن کاملTarget Organ Damage in Essential Hypertension
Epidemiological data suggests that hypertension remains a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease in Western countries. The prevalence of the disease among adults in Slovenia aged 25–64 years is between 40–50% (CINDI, 2006). The early detection and severity of typical target organ damage and secondary diseases are key determinants of cardiovascular prognosis in patients sufferin...
متن کاملExperimental Models of Renal Disease and the Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death among patients with end stage renal failure. Animal models have played a crucial role in teasing apart the complex pathological processes involved. This review discusses the principles of using animal models, the history of their use in the study of renal hypertension, the controversies arising from experimental models of non-hypertensive uraem...
متن کاملHeme Oxygenase-1: A Potential Antihypertensive Target?
The heme oxygenase (HO) system has received significant attention in recent years as a possible novel target for antihypertensive therapy. HO is the rate limiting enzyme in the metabolism of heme releasing bioactive molecules carbon monoxide (CO) and bilirubin each with beneficial cardiovascular actions. Induction of HO-1 has been demonstrated to lower blood pressure in several animal models of...
متن کاملRenal protection in diabetes: lessons from ONTARGET®
Hypertension is an important independent risk factor for renal disease. If hypertension and chronic renal disease co-exist, as is common in patients with diabetes mellitus, the risk of cardiovascular disease is heightened. The importance of rigorous blood pressure control is recognized in current guidelines, with a recommended target of office blood pressure of < 130/80 mmHg; although ambulator...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید
ثبت ناماگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید
ورودعنوان ژورنال:
- Cardiorenal medicine
دوره 1 3 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2011