Device characterization and cross-layer protocol design for RF energy harvesting sensors

Energy harvesting from ambient radio frequency waves has the potential for realizing long lived wireless sensor networks, by reducing their dependence on the limited and irreplaceable on-board batteries. We propose two cross-layer approaches, called deviceagnostic (DA) and device-specific (DS) protocols, for such networks composed of energy harvesting boards connected to off-the-shelf available sensors. These protocols determine the routing paths and the harvesting-transmission duty cycle at each hop under different conditions. The DA scheme relies purely on the local measurements on the harvesting capability of a node after the sensors are deployed, and is useful for single-flow networks. The DS scheme provides a joint hardware–software optimization by allowing the selection of the energy storing capacitor, apart from the route and duty cycle determination. Both schemes rely on a rich set of device-level experimental studies that help provide exact performance characteristics in practical scenarios, and results reveal significant performance improvement over other existing schemes. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.